Stakeholders Importance And Their Engagement Management Essay

Stakeholders Importance And Their Engagement Management Essay For any project Planning, management and control are always the most important drivers to deliver the desired outcome.In present days there are many different organisations have embraced the concept of projects as a mechanism of delivering change.Regadless of the size and what kind of industry may be due to this they experience unacceptably high rates of failure, which wastes scarce monetary and human resources and the reputation of the project management profession. The Stakeholder engagement offers a mechanism for assesing each key stakeholder and there influence to understand their expectations.It also defines the proper way for engaging stakeholders.The aim of this course work is to define stakeholder engagement and their importance for any project. Stakeholder: Stakeholders are an integral part of a project. They are the end-users or clients, the people from whom requirements will be drawn, the people who will influence the design and, ultimately, the people who will reap the benefits of your completed project. (jenkins, 2006) It is very important to participate stakeholders in every step of the project for reasons like experience shows that their involvement in the project may increase the chances of success by building in a very significant feedback sphere and involving them in the project can be able to fetch confidence in the final product and will greatly ease its acceptance in your target audience. The Stakeholder Circle: There are many researchs regarding the importance of stakeholders roles in enhancing wealth and economical benefits.One research team (Fletcher et al., 2003) defined a process for mapping stakeholder expectation, one that uses value hierarchies and key performance areas (KPA).In this process stakeholders are divided to their respective potential for threat and their potential for cooperation (Blair et al., 1991) or influence of their power basing on their legitimacy of each stakeholder relation with the company as well as the urgency of the stakeholders claim on the company (Mitchell, Agle and Wood, 1997). There are many other methodologies that provide a relevant useful tool for visualising power and influence in social network mapping (Rowley, 1997).It is sort of more holistic process for managing stakeholders, identifying,assessing,influence and support of the stakeholders.This will lead to obtain strategies for assessing stakeholder satisfaction.It culminates in the development of a stakeholder knowledge base that provides knowledge of who is aware or ignorant and whether their attitude is supportive or opposing (Turner, 2002).Another (Briner, Hastings and Geddes, 1996) have influences the Stakeholder Circle. The concepts of power,authenticity and urgency (Mitchell, Agle and Wood, 1997) are valuable for identifying important stakeholders, This idea of providence and centrality(Rowley, 1997) attempted to figure out and show the power and communication importance within the stakeholder community. In the process of developing an proper engagement strategy based on the work of Briner et al. (1996), Turner (2002) and Fetcher et al. (2003).Figure 1 represents the stakeholder circle, which inturn helps project manager and their team in locating the project key stakeholders in relation to specific time within aproject lifecycle. The prototype stakeholder circle consists of two key elements: concentric circles that represents distance between stakeholder and the projrct manageer.The pattern used for each stakeholder represents homogeneity. Figure 1. Prototype Stakeholder Circle. MI_PR_NS_12_05_06_1_fig1.jpg The Stakeholder Circle is done basing on the idea that a project can exist only with the up to date consent of its stakeholder community (Bourne and Weaver, 2002), so the relationship between the community that inturn increases project team chance for achieving desired outcome.The stakeholder community comprises of both individuals and groups with a different possible influence the projects outcomepostively or negatively. Identification Of Stakeholders: Identifying project stakeholders starts with the categories upwards,downwords,inwards,outwards and sidewards.Then it is followed by knowing mutuality (French and Granrose, 1995), as defined in the scales of understanding what each stakeholder requires from the project and also the significance of them to the project.Posing these questions makes the relationhip between the project and the stakeholder and make sure that project manager is aware and understand what what the both group needs.This can be done through a workshop with project team and the persons from the organization those familiar with project deliverables and constraints.The information obtained can be entered and validated.Then next-prioritisation of the stakeholders can be done. Prioritisation Of Stakeholders: Here the rating of each stakeholder can be done from the project team members by validating stakeholders power,proximity and urgency according to the project.And can be put on into the tool.This list with the relavent data on each stakeholder, helps in developing an engagement strategy.This will make easier for project team to understand and ensure the expectations of key stakeholders. Stakeholder Engagement: Stakeholder engagement can be defined as the method of well eliciting the stakeholders views on their association with the organization (Friedman and Miles, 2006). Stakeholder engagement can be implicit as the practice that the organisations usually take to engage stakeholders in a positive way in organizational actions or activities. From the view of accountability and responsibility theories, stakeholder engagement is a method by which organisational accountability and responsibility towards stakeholders can be acquitted, often through the involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and governance (Gary, 2002). In an organisation, stakeholder engagement customs may exist in many areas like public relations, customer service, supplier relations, management accounting and human resource management with the varied set of organisational stakeholder. In such circumstance, stakeholder engagement might be seen as an instrument for consent, control, co-operation and accountability and also as a structure of employee involvement and participation. It is also seen as a practice for enhancing trust and as an alternative for true trust and also as a discourse to enhance fairness. Stakeholders must be appointed to achieve the best through proper planned amalgamation of communication and involvement. This also assists of stakeholder being committed to the organisation. For the companies to execute the operational level of strategic management capability stakeholder engagement may be opted as one approach. In phrase of degree of engagement with their stakeholders, organisations can employee different strategies (Carroll, 2008).  Stakeholder engagement presents the sense of corporate responsibility. If the organisation is working with dedication through suitable policy and practice, it is quite clear that it is acting responsibly towards the stakeholders. The more an organisation engages with its stakeholders, the more accountable and responsible that organisation is towards these stakeholders (Greenwood, 2007). Even though firms take up a wide series of communication to report their stakeholder engagement efforts, customarily, on the whole usually engaged and most wide-ranging method for reporting stakeholders engagement plans is to voluntarily disclosure its annual reports (Boesso, 2009).  By tradition Stakeholder engagement is viewed as a corporate responsibility in action.  The movement behind the use of the term engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the need to emphasize that ,it is no longer sufficient for firms to simply network  with stakeholder but also to have a sufficient interaction with stakeholders is considered as logically necessary activity of business (Noland, 2010).   For developing a new activity or to reconsider current or previous efforts a template of principles should be stressed. For stakeholders engagement to be effective the company hold on to various kinds of principles when engaging them on an issue or proposed action or for general feedback (Blackburn, 2007). Planning, transparency, code of conduct, training, inclusiveness, ongoing commitment, and listening are some of the principles of stakeholders engagement. The strategic principles refer to a higher level of understanding and structuring of the stakeholder engagement and involves identifying the stakeholders, significant issues and expectations. The  Strategic principles of the stakeholder engagement  Ã‚  deals  with the  Ã‚  issues of significance to stakeholders and the agency,  understands the concerns, views, needs and expectations of the stakeholders and responds coherently and appropriately. The operational principles are concerned with the action of dealing with the stakeholders such as the stakeholders engagement plan and consultation. They involve  clear and agreed information with feedback processes. The operational principles of the stakeholder engagement are collaborative and recognize, understand and involve stakeholders in the process. They conduct stakeholder engagement in a manner that fosters mutual respect and trust. When engaging stakeholders on an issue or proposed action or for general feedback, the comp any adheres to various kinds of principles to help endure the stakeholder engagement is effective. Maintaining Engagement: Understanding or defyning relavent responses recquires numerous elements, Like which stakeholders are concerned about project definition and planning process, which stakeholders are in need of more information about the project to ease their opposition and which stakeholders play key and relevant roles.Project managers will be held responsible in converting the resulting strategy of who,what,when and how, of giving the tailored messages which are defined for each stakeholder into action.This helps in integrating the communication plan into the project schedule and reporting the expectations of stakeholders are understood and managed in a very proper way. Analysing and Planning: Often the significance of research to stakeholder engagement is ignored. It allows you to identify strengths and weaknesses and eventually build up strategies to connect efficiently. The stakeholder engagement is a serious component to the success of the project and it may be useful to develop a stakeholder engagement plan. For this, various sources, predictable and unconventional, whether it is media, online, literature or word of mouth. As part of the analysis, it is important to examine existing, current and past relationships, available resources and constraints . Managing Project Communication Using Prince2: PRINCE2 has a best move toward managing project communication across the whole project cycle.   It is important that the project manager maintain controlled and bi-directional in order flow to engage and inform  project stakeholders.Spotlight should be on how to ensure the project remains feasible even with its business case, produces the obligatory products, and make sure that is maintained according to plan.   The PRINCE2 communication management cycle can be done by using these four steps:   Plan-Execute-Monitor-Improve.I The communication planning should be in such a way that all stakeholders are identified and engaged throughout the life cycle of the project.The time and resources required for performing this activities will be part of project and team should plan how it should be carried on. It is very much important to figure out and analyze key project stakeholders to find out their information needs.Identified stakeholders will be the persons or groups who are not part of management team but required to contact and interact regularly or else the project outcome will be disturbed.So, it is very important to have effective communication to get desired results.PRINCE2 recommends a very proper six step process to engage stakeholders: 1. Figure out the stakeholders who are concerned in project or worried about the project outcome. Evaluate and generate profiles of the stakeholders to know their involvement, interest and attitudes relating to the project Define a engagement strategy for stakeholders and make them focus on project communications, approving on the information required by each concerned party basing on their roles. Define a proper communicating proforma, timing of the project communications and decide who the senders and recipients for each specified item. Engaging stakeholders according to the plan. Evaluate the efficiency communication activities for the project. (T.Barnard, L.Haner and Weese, 2010) The Communication Management Strategy: It defines the resources and regularity of communication with both internal and external stakeholders.The project manager will be held responsible to create and manuscript this strategy and try to update with the strategy stage by stage and make sure it still encompasses all key project stakeholders . When the project is into the final stage it is also to review the Communication Management Strategy and make sure it includes all the parties who need to be advised that the project is closing. (prince2 2009, 2009) Conclusion: This work on stakeholder engagement made me to know how to identify key stakeholders and their engagement and relation with the project manager and the team which inturn reduces the project risk through developing and nurturing relationship within project. This task presumes that the act of stakeholder engagement in and of itself delivers help towards stakeholders and is, therefore, an act of conscientiousness towards stakeholders. Stakeholder engagement does not always reflect perfect communication, relations and results from start to finish. Stakeholders may be at first argumentative, during the course of the consultations for both internal and external reasons, the important factor is how you deal with these hurdles.

Examining The Bromination And Debromination Of Cholesterol Biology Essay

Examining The Bromination And Debromination Of Cholesterol Biology Essay Bromination/debromination which is an important organic reaction that aims in purification of crude cholesterol from impurities which include 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol was performed in a laboratory scale for two weeks. Due to steric constraints, only cholesterol reacted with bromine and crystallized from the solution making it possible to be separated (Feiser, and Williamson 63). The dibromocholesterol formed is regenerated by reacting with Zinc dust. In addition, three methods were used to evaluate the effectiveness. These were Sodium Iodide test, Silver Nitrate test, and Sulfuric acid test. NaI test showed a positive response as color changed to yellow. The formation of the precipitate also indicated a positive result. The sodium iodide reagent reacted with 1 ° and 2 ° alkyl halides through an SN2 mechanism.  On the other hand, the silver nitrate reagent reacted with 2o and 3 ° alkyl halides through an SN1 mechanism.   Negative results were observed for both the commercial cholesterol and 1-chlorobutane (Zubrick 38). Conversely, the t-butyl chloride gave a positive result for the AgNO3  test and a negative result for the NaI test. The synthesized cholesterol was 0.29 gram and the theoretical yield was 1.08 gram. This gave a percent yield of 26.9 gram. Although this was a low yield the TLC analysis confirmed a high purity of the synthesized cholesterol. The melting point of the synthesized cholesterol and commercial cholesterol seems to fall in the same range. This confirms the purity of the synthesized cholesterol. TLC analysis was carried out to confirm the purity of the analysis. The distance traveled by commercial cholesterol was 5.5 whereas that travelled by the synthesized cholesterol was 4.6. The absence of other spots on the TLC plate confirms that there were no contaminations present in the sample. Introduction Cholesterol is an important steroidal compound found in both animals and plants. Despite the fact that cholesterol causes diseases, it plays a vital role in life. For example, cholesterol is the main structural component in cell walls and in myelin sheath formation. It is also a major precursor for most steroid hormones. Crude cholesterol is isolated from natural sources and various methods have been used in its purification. Crude cholesterol contains approximately 3-5% contamination. Some of the contaminants are 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol shown below. Figure 2: Some common contaminants of commercial cholesterol The main objective of this experiment was to purify commercial cholesterol using organic reaction chemistry, including the use of the electrophilic addition. For complete purification of cholesterol from the above impurities is achieved by a reaction of bromine with cholesterol to generate dibromocholesterol. Because of the steroid ring structure present in these compounds that causes steric constraints, only cholesterol reacts with bromine to form an insoluble diaxial dibromo compound through electrophilic addition. On the other hand, cholestanal does not react with bromine and the other two contaminants are dehydrogenated by bromine leading to formation of soluble dienes and trienes respectively. The dibromo-cholesterol precipitates as a solid leaving the other impurities in the reaction solvent. A purification step such as solvent washing or crystallization is carried out to separate the solid from the impurities. The so lid dibromo-cholesterol is then reacted with zinc in order to regenerate pure cholesterol. Figure 1: Reaction Scheme for the Bromination/Debromination of Cholesterol To test the effectiveness of this reaction three different chemical tests namely sodium iodide in acetone, silver nitrate in ethanol test, and sulfuric acid test, were performed. Each of these tests is selective for a specific functional group. Dibromocholesterol contains both primary and secondary alkyl halides and reacts with a sodium iodide in acetone and silver nitrate in ethanol to form a precipitate or a cloudy solution. In addition, the presence of double bonds in dibromocholesterol in form of alkene makes it possible for the formation of a fluorescent green sulfuric acid layer and a red chloroform layer when reacted with sulfuric acid (Landgrebe 78). Material and Methods 1g of commercial cholesterol was added to a 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 7 mL t-butylmethyl ether was measured with a graduated cylinder and added to the flask containing the cholesterol and a magnetic stir bar. A water bath was then set up on the hotplate in the hood. The Erlenmeyer flask contain the reaction solution was inserted into the water bath and clamped as shown below. The heat and the stirrer were turned on and gently heat until all the cholesterol dissolved in t-butylmethyl ether. Figure 3:   Set-up for bromination reaction (Note: the actual reaction mixture is not blue) The flask was removed from the water bath after all the cholesterol was completely dissolved and allowed to cool to room temperature. After the cholesterol solution was cooled, the flask was clamped to the ring on the hot plate as shown in figure 4 and stirred without heating. A burette was then used to dispense 5 mL of bromine solution into the flask. A precipitate solution formed almost immediately. Figure 4:   Set-up for the Addition of Bromine The water bath was replaced with ice and tap water and the reaction solution stirred intermittently with a glass stir rod for ~ 10 minutes to complete the crystallization of the product. About 20 mL of the t-butylmethyl ether acetic acid solution was then dispensed in a clean 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask which was clamped to a ring stand and allowed to cool in the ice bath. A vacuum filtration was done using a Buchner funnel and filter paper. The solid in the filter was washed using ~10 mL of the cooled solution of t-butylmethyl ether acetic acid and then with ~10 ml of methanol. The solid was then allowed to dry with the vacuum on for about 5 minutes. the dibromocholesterol melting point was measured and recorded. The dry solid was weighted and sealed in a vial and stored for next experiment. To debrominate cholesterol, 20 mL of t-butylmethyl ether, 5 mL of acetic acid and 0.2 g of Zn dust were added into the Erlenmeyer flask containing the dibromocholesterol solid. The mixture was swir led for 5-10 minutes in the hood and sonicated in 5 minutes to allow the reaction to go completion. After sonication the solids present were removed by gravity filtration method into a clean 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The filtrate was transferred to a 125 mL separatoryHYPERLINK http://community.acphs.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/Arts%20and%20Sci/Courses/CHE211/Common/lab/Organic-sde/BP-Dist/BP_General.html funnel in which 20 mL of deionized water was added, shaken and allowed to separate into layers. The two layers formed were then separated as water layers and organic (ether) layers. The ether layer was washed with 20 mL of 10% NaOH and then 20 mL of saturated NaCl solution. 100mg of the drying agent magnesium sulfate was added to the organic layer and the solution swirled until dry. The drying agent was removed by gravity filtration using a glass funnel fluted filter paper and a very dry 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was placed in a warm water bath and then ice cooled for 10 minut es until all but 5 mL of the ether remained following a precipitate formation from the solution. The remaining solvent was decanted and the synthesized cholesterol transferred and allowed to dry in the hood for 20 minutes.The dry solid was weighed and the weight recorded. In addition the melting point was also taken and recorded. To evaluate the effectiveness of the bromination reaction three chemical reactions mentioned above were carried out. NaI in acetone test Five test tubes labeled A, B, C, D and E were used for this test.   About 30 mg of the commercial cholesterol starting material was added to tube A; ~30 mg of dibromocholesterol to tube B; ~30 mg of the synthesized cholesterol product to tube C; ~0.3 mL of 1-chlorobutane to tube D; and ~ 0.3 mL of t-butyl chloride to tube E.   In addition, about 3 mL of acetone was added to each tube to completely dissolve all the compounds.   Solutions A-E was used to do the NaI in acetone test as well as the AgNO3 in ethanol test. Tubes A-C did the TLC as well. The NaI in Acetone and AgNO3 in Ethanol tests were performed by setting up a test tube rack containing ten small test tubes. The test tubes were labeled N1 N5 and A1 A5. 1 mL of NaI in acetone reagent was added to test tubes N1 N5, and 1 mL of AgNO3 in ethanol reagent to test tubes A1 A5. This was followed by adding 5-8 drops of A solution to test tube N1 and tube A1, 5-8 drops of solution B to test tube N2 and tube A2, 5-8 drops of solution C to to test tube N3 and tube A3, 5-8 drops of solution C to test tube N4 and tube A4, and 5-8 drops of solution C to test tube N5 and tube A5. The test tubes were heated for a while and all the observations recorded. The sulfuric acid for alkenes test was performed by additional solutions of cholesterol and dibromocholesterol with five dry-cleaned test tubes 1-5. 10 mg of commercial cholesterol was placed in tube 1, ~10mg of the dibromocholesterol to tube 2 ~10 mg of your synthesized cholesterol to tube 3, ~10 mg of 2-chlorobutane to tube 4, and 10 mg of cyclohexene to tube 5.  About 1 mL of chloroform (CHCl3) was added to each tube and vortex to completely dissolve all solids.   In addition, 0.5 mL of H2SO4 was then added to each tube. The observation for this reaction was recorded in the notebook. The TLC analysis of cholesterol and dibromocholesterol was performed by obtaining a silica gel TLC plate and setting it up to run TLC analysis on solutions A-C above. The plate was spotted with each solution and developed by placing the plate using 30% ethyl acetate: 70% hexane as the mobile phase. The developed plates were viewed under UV lamp and in the I2 chamber and observations recorded. Results Table 1 Percent Yield of synthesized cholesterol Actual Yield 0.29g Theoretical Yield 1.08g Percent Yield 26.9% Mass of Synthesized Dibromocholesterol was 1.57g Table 2 Melting Point Test Compound Temperature  °C Commercial Cholesterol 144.6-150.3 Dibromochesterol 105-109 Synthesized Cholesterol 147 Table 3 Sodium Iodide test Compound Time Vortex Temp First Sign of Reaction Com. Cholesterol None Dibromocholesterol + Yellow Synthesized Cholesterol + Chunky Yellow 1-Chlorobutane + Yellow Tert-Butyl Chloride + Cloudy Table 4 Silver Nitrate test Compound Time Vortex Temp First Sign of Reaction Com. Cholesterol None Dibromocholesterol + Cloudy Synthesized Cholesterol + Cloudy Yellow 1-Chlorobutane None Tert-Butyl Chloride + Cloudy Table 5: Sulfuric Acid Test Compound Time Vortex Temp First Sign of Reaction Com. Cholesterol + Color Dibromocholesterol + Color Synthesized Cholesterol + Color 1-Bromobutane None Tert-Butyl Chloride + Color Table 6: Thin Layer Chromatography: In 30% Ethyl Acetate/70% Hexane Commercial Cholesterol 5.5 1.0 5.5 Dibromocholesterol 4 0.73 5.5 Synthesized Cholesterol 4.6 0.84 5.5 Discussion The yield of the synthesized cholesterol was .29 grams (Table 1). The theoretical yield was 1.08 grams. The actual yield was calculated by taking the difference of the weight of the round bottom flask and the synthesized cholesterol by the synthesized cholesterols weight alone. The percent yield was calculated to be 26.9 percent. The synthesize process was not efficient due to the low yield and percent yield of the synthesized cholesterol. The melting point of the synthesized cholesterol and commercial cholesterol seems to fall in the same range. This confirms the purity of the synthesized cholesterol. NaI test showed a positive response as color changed to yellow. The formation of the precipitate also indicated a positive result. The sodium iodide reagent reacted with 1 ° and 2 ° alkyl halides through an SN2 mechanism.  On the other hand, the silver nitrate reagent reacted with 2o and 3 ° alkyl halides through an SN1 mechanism.   Negative results were observed for both the commercial cholesterol and 1-chlorobutane. Conversely, the t-butyl chloride gave a positive result for the AgNO3  test and a negative result for the NaI test. The stationary phase of the TLC test was the silica gel TLC plate and the mobile phase was 30% Ethyl Acetate/70% Hexane (Table 6). The distance traveled by commercial cholesterol was 5.5, and for the synthesized cholesterol was 4.6. The difference in the distance traveled and the R f values of the samples commercial and synthesized cholesterol were pure. Since there were no other spots visible on the TLC plate was a clear indication that there were no contaminations of other chemical compounds present in the sample.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Gatsby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone wants to be successful in life, but most often people take the wrong ways to get there. In the1920’s the American Dream was something that everyone strived to have. Having a family, money, a big house, and a car meant that someone had succeeded in life. A very important aspect was money, and success was determined greatly by it. This was not true in all cases however. Jay Gatsby was a poor boy who turned into a very wealthy man, but did he live the American Dream? Money is actually the only thing that Gatsby had a lot of. Jay Gatsby tries to live the life of The American Dream, but fails in his battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From his early years Gatsby has his eye one Daisy and throughout his life he is deeply in love with her, but he never marries or even has a life with her. Another one of Gatsby’s goals in life was to be an extremely successful, just like his model Dan Cody, but that plan ends up failing as well. As a part of what Dan Cody taught him, Gatsby attempted to go into business with a man named Meyer Wolfsheim, but failed at that also. For such a long time Gatsby has had his eye on Daisy and has been in love with her, but this does not develop. Gatsby has always gazed at the green light on Daisy’s porch. Jordan Baker says, â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be across the bay.† The color green is traditionally a symbol of hop and youth and that is what Gatsby is hoping to find beyond it. When Gatsby and Daisy meet, he tells her about how he has watched the green light that burns at the end of her dock. For so long that light has been a symbol of his dream, of something he has wanted more than life itself. Gazing at it so much, Gatsby must have believed that if he could only have Daisy he would be eternally happy. In chapter four he suddenly has her and the light is just a light again. It doesn’t seem that Daisy could ever be as wonderful as Gatsby’s dream of her. Dreams, sadly for Gatsby are most often longed for rather than made a reality. Gatsby never ends up getting with Daisy his shining star in life, much of what he lived for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his younger years, Gatsby worked on the south shore of Lake Superior earning room and board by digging clams and fishing for salmon. One day he saw the beautiful yacht of the millionaire Dan Cody and borrowe... ..., D. Melvin. 1992. Response of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alfalfa Cultivans to Salinity During Germination and Post-Germination Growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crop Science 32(4): 976. Bliquees, Gul. 1999. Effect of salinity. light, and temperature on germination in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allenrolfea occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Botany 77(2): 240-247. Foderano, Margaret and I.A. Ungar. 1997. Growth and survival of polygonum aviculare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  L. at a brine-contaminated site in Southeastern Ohio. The American Midland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Naturalist 138(1): 140-152. Mills A H., J. B. Jones , K. H Tan, L. S Hardnan. 1997. Salts and Plant Nutrition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal of Plant Nutrition 22(12): 1905-1920. Poljahoff-Mayler, A., G.F. Somers, E. Werker, J.L. Gallager. 1994. Seeds of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kostelstzlsya virginica: Germination and salt tolerance. American Journal of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Botany 81(1): 54. Ungar, I. A. 1996. Effect of salinity on seed germination, growth, and ion accumulation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of Atrplex patula. American Journal of Botany 83(5): 60-65.

Cars :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the summer time of the year 2000 this picture was taken. The photographer was myself. I tried to capture the Oldsmobile Cutlass in the air off all four tires. The person controlling the car was my friend June Rodean. We were attending a low rider car show in English Town, New Jersey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The car in this picture is an Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme with hydrolics. This car also is equipped with the following: twelve inch spoke rims, custom paint job called a bowling ball the color is called bowling ball because the paint is mixing together like a bowling ball or a piece of marble, there is a string of neon blue outlining the interior. It has several sound effects controlled by switches, by pressing the switch you will be able to hear the siren of a police car, fire truck, ambulance, and other alert sirens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The temperature that day was around ninety degrees. I was sweating a lot but the excitement from the event kept my mind from heat. There was a large crowd there. People of all races were cheering all the cars. As you could see not the only one taking pictures. I had fun that day there was lots of girls. The air was filled exhaust fumes, burnt rubber and fried foods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was able to take this picture while the car was eight inches off the ground. The camera that I used was digital. Later on my friend printed out the picture I took from using a computer. So the picture was able to be enlarged and you could see a large amount off details. Overall the picture was taken on a bright day with good weather conditions and a clear shot was able to be taken at the right moment. From you could see this is an exciting event to attend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion this picture captured one of the best highlights of my day. My friend absolutely knew how to handle this vehicle. His prize for this stunt was second place. We both was very happy competing with other cars. We seen a lot of ideas and a lot of

Procurement in Project Management Essay -- selection process of supplie

Procurement in the main stream of the business world is to ensure organizations has the proper necessities for the selections process of the suppliers. Procurements within an organization helps to develop the right tools necessary when selecting and maintaining performance criteria, speciation’s and defines the terms and conditions in an organization. As set forth by the company the procurement area of the company conveys and develops the necessary values and mission with an in organization. In looking further into the importance of procurements we can determine the alternative methods to procurement, the methods necessary to keep procurement in order and the overall value of procurement with in management project. Procurement within a project can help organizations create and develop the right elements necessary to obtaining goods and services. In which, allows organization to help streamline the buying process, while making sure the good and services adhere with the market conditions at the present time. As stated by Sollish and Semanik (2012) â€Å"Supply and demand continually drive process up and down. As economic conditions change, demand increases or declines, generating shortages or excesses in supply or decreased demand (or combinations) generally lead to reduced prices.† Understanding the market gives the organization the knowledge necessary to making the right buying decisions. Ultimately, the organization has the buying power to take advantage of reduces prices within the markets. Also, gives the organizations the ability to negotiate prices with the suppliers to reduce or maintain cost. Having the right procurement process can thoroughly examine and define the requirements and understand the company objectives and underst... ...ion even though risk might apply. All in all, procurement is an important part of any organization it gives the organization the necessary factors to help gain the knowledge of market conditions, competition and the overall essential conditions to keep an organization in line with the companies mission, vision and the overall objectives of an organizations wish to obtain. Learning and gaining knowledge to help avoid mistakes in executed project management. Works Cited Heaton, B. (2012).Transforming Procurement: Will iPads Replace Binders?. Retrieved http://www.governing.com/blogs/view/gov-will-ipads-replace-binders.html Kumar, A. (2013).Apple’s Procurement Strategy. Retrieved http://spendmatters.com/2013/06/04/apples-procurement-strategy/ Sollish, F.B., & Semanik, J. (2012).The procurement and supply manager’s desk reference. Hoboken, NJ: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.

Creating Peace Through Non Violence

In Martin Luther King Junior’s essay â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† and Aung San Suu Kyi’s essay â€Å"Freedom from Fear†, they discuss the importance of non-violent action in order to end political conflicts. In the speech â€Å"A Just and Lasting Peace† Barack Obama explains the effects of war and the ways in which non-violence can create a just and lasting peace. According to King, in order to create opportunities for negotiating about unjust laws, non-violent action may be necessary. Violence is never the long term solution to any problem.This is why non-violent action is so powerful. Suu Kyi discusses why society must be able to liberate their minds from apathy and fear in order to overcome a corrupt government. Fear causes corruption in government and corruption in society. In order to restore a corrupt government and society, the citizens must find courage, because courage is the only way to overcome corruption. According to Barack Obama, in order to create a just and lasting peace we must find alternatives to violence. War promises human tragedy. In most cases the cost of war outweighs the benefits.Non-violent direct action, freedom from fear, and alternatives to violence will fix corrupt governments and will create lasting peace by forcing a national awareness of injustices; without political pressure there cannot be a lasting peace. Non-violent direct action will create opportunities for negotiating unjust laws. During the civil rights movement, racial discrimination impacted the lives of many African Americans. Racial segregation laws became the main target for civil rights activists like Martin Luther King, Jr.According to King, â€Å"in any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: (1) collection of the facts to determine whether injustices are alive; (2) negotiation; (3) self-purification; and (4) direct action† (King 576). In the first step you must be able to identify an issue which requires no n-violent action. After you identify an issue you must negotiate with a political leader in order to solve this problem. If this does not create a solution to the problem direct action may be necessary.The purpose of non-violent direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will open the door to negotiation. King believes that violence will only prolong the issues in society and the only effective way to create lasting change is to pressure political leaders through non-violent action. According to King, there are two types of laws: a just law and an unjust law. â€Å"An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself. A just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow that it is willing to follow itself† (King 580).Unjust laws create corruption among societies. In order to overcome these unjust laws one must be willing to break them. By disobeying unjust laws, and accepting the penalties which come wi th it, in reality you are â€Å"expressing the very highest respect for law† (King 580). This act of civil disobedience will put significant pressure on politics in order to force a change. Many peaceful protests were used in order to bring awareness to level of police brutality during the civil rights movement.After witnessing countless African Americans being attacked by malicious police officers while peacefully protesting, a national awareness pressured segregation laws out of existence. In order to build a civilized society which provides basic human rights, citizens must be fearless of their government. According to Aung San Suu Kyi, there are four kinds of corruption: â€Å"corruption induced by desire†, â€Å"revenge†, â€Å"ignorance†, and â€Å"fear† (Suu Kyi 682). Fear, unlike the rest, is the root of all evil. Power doesn’t lead to corruption, fear does.The fear of â€Å"losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the s courge of power corrupts those who are subject to it† (Suu Kyi 682). In order to overcome fear in a corrupt government, each and everyone must make sacrifices in order to possess courage. In a society where fear is an integral part of everyday existence, it is not easy to remain uncorrupt. It is the obligation of the people to stay strong and uphold principles of justice. Without fear one can overcome any obstacle, but the second fear returns it is difficult to reach your goals.In order for these ordinary people to create a society which promotes â€Å"the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled†, they must discover that â€Å"freedom from fear stands out as both a means and an end† (Suu Kyi 684). When a society is able to stand together and liberate their minds from apathy and fear, they will truly achieve freedom. They will have the courage to challenge their corrupt government and create a government where the people possess the power. The non-violent way of overcoming a corrupt government is to overcome fear.In a world filled with war, genocide, and dangerous weapons, we must explore alternatives to violence which will help create just and lasting peace. According to Barack Obama â€Å"there is nothing weak—nothing passive—nothing naive—in the creed and lives of Gandhi and King† (Obama 644). Despite this, Obama believes that war has a role in preserving the peace, but in no way is it the solution to all problems. No matter how justified, war promises human tragedy. Innocent citizens will die along with foreign and U. S soldiers.Wars between nations will give way to wars within nations. Looking back at the past we can see completely different views on war. For most of history â€Å"the capacity of human beings to think up new ways to kill one another proved inexhaustible† (Obama 643). The views on war have significantly evolved over the years due to many evolutionary changes inc luding the addition of the Marshal Plan and the United Nations. Both of these additions have prevented a third world war. By restricting the use of war and weapons, the U. S has improved the balance between peace and violence.According to Obama, there are three ways that we can build a just and lasting peace. We must develop â€Å"alternatives to violence†, â€Å"human rights†, and â€Å"economic security† (Obama 648). Alternatives to violence will help the United States build peaceful relationships between foreign countries which will prevent future wars. Human rights are essential for maintaining a peace among the U. S citizens. Economic security will improve the standard of living in the United States and it will unite the peoples trust in the government. By achieving these goals, the U.S can achieve a non-violent means to a lasting peace. Non-violent direct action, freedom from fear, and alternatives to violence are key solutions to overcoming a corrupt gove rnment and creating lasting peace. Non-violent direct action may seem like an ineffective way to solve problems in a corrupt government, but according to Martin Luther King, Jr. , it is the only way to fix a corrupt government. Non-violent direct action was a key tactic used during the civil rights movement which ended racial segregation in America. Martin Luther King, Jr. nd other civil rights activists demonstrated non-violent sit-ins and protests which pressured political leaders into negotiating deals which would limit segregation laws. By doing this, the U. S people were able to see the level of police brutality during the civil rights movement. The U. S citizens were able to see how segregation was morally wrong. Non-violent direct action was an effective method used to end racial segregation. Freedom from fear is what Aung San Suu Kyi describes as being a key method to fix a corrupt government. Any society which is controlled by fear often possesses some level of corruption w ithin its government.In order to overcome a corrupt government, you must liberate your minds of apathy and fear. When a whole society is able to come together and build a sense of courage among the people, that society will have what is needed to overcome a corrupt government. Barack Obama describes the importance of finding alternatives to violence. In order to create a lasting peace, you must first have peace. As a nation, the United States is striving towards peace whether it’s on foreign or domestic land. Many wars have been fought in order to create peace, but as long as there is war there will never be lasting peace.The solution to this problem is complex, but it starts with us finding alternatives to violence. War will not solve any issues. It simply prolongs and complicates foreign conflicts. When the U. S government creates peace treaties instead of wars, then and only then will we see a glimpse of lasting peace. Works Cited King, Martin Luther, Jr. â€Å"Letter fro m Birmingham Jail. † Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , 12 Apr. 1963. Print. Obama, Barack. â€Å"A Just and Lasting Peace. † The Nobel Foundation, n. d. Print. 2009. Suu Kyi, Aung San. â€Å"Freedom from Fear. † Micheal Aris, 1995. Print.

Tda 2.6

Assessment Task- TDA 2. 6 Help improve own and team practice in schools. 3. Understand the work of a team. This essay will demonstrate my knowledge about working as a team, the importance of it and who forms the team at the school where I work. I will look at the aims of my school and where I fit into that as a voluntary Teaching Assistant and I will also show how other members of the team all work together to reach the same goal. One person alone could not complete the entire workload a school requires to function.To teach, to feed, to make safe, to make a happy place all needs the work of a very dedicated team who work together to achieve the same goal, at Priestsic Primary and Nursery school where I work this is: â€Å"To create a safe, healthy and stimulating environment in which the children feel secure and are willing and eager to spend their time. † And this team is also encouraged to: â€Å"allow the children to reach as high a level as their ability allows increasing their pleasure, understanding and confidence. †Priestsic Primary School-Teaching Assistant Student Booklet 2010. This is all achieved by individuals who work together, sharing ideas and knowledge to make a really good team a great one. The school staff are not the only ones encouraged to practice teamwork â€Å"Children are encouraged to work as part of a team and to respect other people’s beliefs and feelings. † Priestsics Home School Agreement 2010 This message is enforced in the Schools Home School Agreement which is given out to parents at the start of a child coming to school.There is no doubt that my school values teamwork in everyone who is associated with it. The morale of the school is very high and I have seen for myself that everyone I ask a question of, they are willing to help and if they don’t know an answer they will find someone for me who does. It is enjoyable to be at a school where everyone is happy to help each other and it is absolute ly motivational and if I feel this way as a partial outsider, then the children must also feel very proud that they belong to a school with staff members who really care about them and their education.The purpose and objectives of the team in which I work is to be focussed and knowledgeable about literacy and Maths. The teacher in the class that I work in is the Literacy co-ordinator for the Year and the teacher in the opposite side of the classroom is the Maths co-ordinator so the two teachers work very closely together, they complement each other. One takes charge of the Literacy activities and the other devises the Maths activities and they share these within the classrooms.My working environment is split into two sides with a dividing curtain, my teacher has 30 children and the other teacher has 30 children and together they make up Year Two at the school. The two teachers are constantly consulting each other about Maths and Literacy matters and they share ideas between themselv es. I work with both of the teachers and they will often give me a group of children to work with who perhaps need more support and they will introduce activities to me by explaining what they are and if I need to give specific help to someone they will give me the time to do this.The qualified Teaching Assistants in the class will help the teachers set up the activities and help with the planning and then I help, when I go in , executing the practicalities like setting out tables or making displays. â€Å"members of the team will need to understand their role and how it fits with the role of other members of the team†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Burnham and Baker 2010 When I first began my placement at Priestsic Primary and Nursery School I was given a â€Å"Teaching Assistant Student booklet† and it defines my role by stating: What will be expected of you:The children spend quite a lot of time sat on the carpet, particularly during numeracy and literacy. You will be expected to either su pport particular children or to be sat in the classroom preparing resources/displays. It goes on to say that You may also be expected to: Sharpen pencils File children’s work Supervise children’s milk time. This is my role as a student and it is what I do whenever I go into my placement. The qualified Teaching Assistant works very closely with me whose role it is to: †¢ Work under the direct instruction of teaching/senior staff, usually in the classroom. To attend to the pupils personal needs. †¢ To prepare the classroom as directed. nottinghamshirecountycouncil. gov. uk. I usually help the Teaching Assistant with her role so as to free up the teacher so she can carry out her role, which includes: †¢ Teaching all areas of the primary curriculum †¢ Organising the classroom and learning resources to create a positive learning environment. †¢ Plan, prepare and present lessons that cater for the needs of the whole ability range within the class and to †¢ Work with others to plan and co-ordinate work.TES. co. uk So the teacher, Teaching Assistant and Student Teaching Assistant all work very closely together in the classroom to support the children, we also rely on the help of the midday supervisors to look after the children at mealtimes, they ensure that they sit and eat nicely that the children clear up after themselves and they ensure acceptable standards of behaviour are maintained in the playground afterwards. If they do not they inform the teacher and necessary action will be taken, such as that child missing the next playtime.Teachers also need the help of the Administration staff who answer the telephone and act as a first point of contact for the school. They send out any necessary letters, they monitor and control visitors with the help of the Site Manager who is responsible for who comes onto the site and the security of the building. Our Site Manager at the school will also help the Teacher if she needs chairs or tables getting for displays, he cleans up any spillages and he changes the toilet rolls and is responsible for the general groundwork of the school.All of these people who help form the team at school are ultimately responsible to the Head teacher whose role it is to: †¢ Lead and manage the school †¢ To ensure the achievement of educational standards †¢ To promote and safeguard the welfare of the children. †¢ To work in partnership with the governing body, staff and parents generating the ethos and values which will underpin the school. TES. co. uk Every single person who works at a school has an important job to do even the cleaners who make a great job of keeping the classrooms clean and tidy.Without the skills set of all these people the school would not function properly and so for that reason I respect everyone who I work with. I might not know about a hazardous substance so I would have to rely on the expertise of a cleaner or the Site Manager to tell m e if I could use it or not. I do not understand the workings of the curriculum so I would need the help of the teacher to explain it to me. I think that it is absolutely vital to respect the skills and expertise of other practitioners, especially at the moment when I am so new to the school working environment.I never take anyone for granted and always listen to what they have to say. Everyone is different and even if two people have done the same course to come back and teach a class they will have different ways of doing so. I would personally never dream of going into school and try to tell somebody what to do because I feel that I don’t have the knowledge yet to do so, as described by Burnham and Baker 2010; â€Å"If a member of your team has been working in schools for a long time and a new person comes in and tells them that things should be done in a different way, it will cause bad feeling and resentment. I could not agree more with this statement and feel that you w ould gain more respect by showing that you are open to ideas and suggestions from other members of staff. It is invaluable to me to have done so from first going into school, I have learnt so much from different people and I have found that everyone treats me the same way in which I treat them, friendly, honestly and respectfully. I thoroughly enjoy working as part of a team that makes up a school.Although I am still learning about where everybody fits in I feel that every time I go into my school I learn something new about peoples roles and how they work in the successful team that is Priestsic Primary and Nursery school. Everyone values each other and no one is selfish, the staff share ideas and work together professionally to maintain the schools aim â€Å"To create a safe, healthy and stimulating environment in which the children feel secure and are willing and eager to spend their time. Teamwork is not only important in schools it is probably the most important thing in schoo ls where Teachers, Teaching Assistants, Midday Supervisors, Admin staff, Cleaners, the Site Manager and the Head teacher all work together to make the school a happy, safe, educational place to be. BIBLIOGRAPHY Priestsic Primary School – Teaching Assistant Student Booklet 2010. Priestsics Home School Agreement 2010. Burnham and Baker 2010. nottinghamshirecountycouncil. gov. uk. TES. co. uk