Peer to Peer Assessment Strategy for Groups

Group work is a great strategy to use in the secondary classroom in order to to improve student learning.  But group work sometimes requires a form of problem solving on its own. While the goal in these classroom collaborations is to equally distribute the work to solve a problem or produce a product, there maybe a student (or two) who does not contribute as much as the other members of the group. This student may let his or her fellow students do the bulk of the work, and this student may even share the group grade. This student is the  slacker  in the group, a member who can frustrate the other members of the group. This is especially a problem if the some of the group work is done outside the classroom. So what can a teacher do about assessing this slacker student who does not collaborate with others or who contributes little to the finished product? How can a teacher be fair and award the appropriate grade to those members of a group who have worked effectively? Is equal participation in group work even possible?   The Reasons for Using Group Work in Class While these concerns might make a teacher think about giving up group work entirely, there are still powerful reasons for using groups in class: Students take ownership of the subject matter.Students develop communication and teamwork skills.Students work together and teach each other.  Students can bring  individual skill sets  to a group.Students learn to plan more effectively and manage their time. Here is one more reason to use groups Students can learn to how to assess their work and the work of others. At the secondary level, the success of group work can be measured in many different ways, but the most common is through a grade or points. Instead of having the teacher determine how a groups participation or project will be scored, teachers can grade the project as a whole and then turn the individual participant grades over to the group as a lesson in negotiation. Turning this responsibility over to the students can address the problem of grading the slacker in the group by having student peers distribute points based on the evidence of work contributed. Designing the Point or Grade System: If the teacher chooses to use peer to peer grade distribution, the teacher must be clear that the project under review will be graded to meet standards outlined in a rubric. The total number of points available for the completed project, however, would be based on the number of people in each group. For example, the top score (or an A) awarded to a student for a project or participation that meets the highest standard could be set at 50 points. If there are 4 students in the group, the project would be worth 200 points (4 students X 50 points each).If there are 3 students in the group,  the project would be worth 150 points  (3 students X 50 points each).If there are 2 members of the group,  the project would be worth 100 points  (2 students X 50 points each).    Peer to Peer Grading and Student Negotiation   Each student would be be awarded points using the following formula: 1. The teacher would first grade the project  as anA or B or C, etc.  based on the criteria established in the rubric. 2. The teacher would convert that grade into its numerical equivalent:   For example, the teacher may determine that the project should be awarded  the equivalent of a B:​If the project had four students and was worth 200 points, the project would receive 172  points;  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã‚  if the project had three students and was worth 150 points, the project would receive  130 points;if the project had two students and was worth 100 points, the project would be awarded 86 points. 3.  After the project receives a grade from the teacher, the students in the group would negotiate on how to divide these points for a grade. Each student must have evidence of what he or she did to  earn points.  Students  could equitably divide the points:   172 points (4 students) or130 points (3 students) or86 points (two students)​If all students worked equally and have the evidence to show they should all get the same grade, then each student would receive 43  points out of the original 50 points available.  Each student would receive an 86%.However,  in the group of three students, if two students have the evidence that that they did the bulk of the work, they could negotiate for more points.  They could negotiate for 48 points each (96%) and leave the  slacker with 34 points (68%).   4. Students confer with the teacher for the distribution of points supported by evidence. Results of Peer to Peer Grading Having students participate in how they are graded makes the assessment process transparent. In these negotiations, all students are responsible for providing evidence of the work they did in completing the project.   Peer to peer assessment can be a motivating experience. When teachers may not be able to motivate students, this form of peer pressure may get the desired results. It is recommended that the negotiations for awarding points be supervised by the teacher to ensure fairness. The teacher can retain the ability to override a groups decision. Using this strategy can provide students an opportunity advocate for themselves, a real world skill they will need after they leave school.

Is It A Man - 914 Words

â€Å"Be a man?† What does that mean? In order to be a man, one must first understand what a man is. In a world where there are several contrasting viewpoints on various issues and ideas, there is no single definition as to what a man is or what traits a man holds. The general definition of a man is â€Å"a matured male human being† (Man 1). That definition leaves room for many to further interpret what they believe a man is and allows for misconceptions to be formed. Now, a man is described as being strong, courageous, and tough. Even though these traits are true for men in some situations, a man is truly defined by the way he presents himself with confidence, maturity, and nobility. Men relate to the word man in different ways. In a video by Cut on YouTube, men ages 5 to 50 are asked what they think of when someone tells them to â€Å"be a man.† Many of the men in the video saw the phrase as telling them to be strong, to be courageous, or to take responsibility, but some of the men saw the phrase as an insult or misleading. One participant said that the phrase was said to him when he was being a â€Å"wuss† and they wanted him to buck up. This shows how this term has been used to make boys think that they must do some unwise things in order for them to be accepted by their peers and to be viewed as a â€Å"man.† It has caused some to believe that they must always be tough and that if they break their resilient demeanor, they are no longer men. It is a major reason as to why the phrase â€Å"men don’tShow MoreRelatedThe Connection Between Man And Man946 Words   |  4 Pagesmade up the new world the first element was the connect betw een man and man. 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International Expansion Strategy Of The Tata Group †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the International Expansion Strategy Of The Tata Group. Answer: Introduction: The current report lays stress on the international expansion strategy of the Tata Group, which has been undertaken in the past under the leadership of Ratan Tata. The expansions have been carried out mainly through stake acquisitions in global firms in steel, automobile, mining and hotel industries. Hence, the report would shed light on the various issues that the group is facing along with devising out strategies for minimising the problems. Source problems: The initial problem of Tata Group is to develop consistent vision while operating in various markets and industries (Buckley et al., 2016). Another problem is to set out strategies for more than 100 organisations in above 80 nations. The next problem is to find out a way of absorbing the struggling Corus mills. Finally, the most challenging problem for the group would be to fill up the vacant space of the visionary and energetic leader, Ratan Tata, after his retirement. Secondary problems: The secondary problems confronting the Tata Group in the global arena include the following: Expansion of businesses and investments, since the group is subject to various market situations and culture of each market Continuing the operation of Corus Mills, since it is loaded with debt of $7.4 billion and greater operating cost minimises the profit level of Tata Steel (Contractor, Kumar Dhanaraj, 2015). Business sustainability against the sustainability of corporate social responsibility during economic downturn with a debt burden of $7.4 billion already in the books Managementcontrol in Tata Group, as the organisation has not found an effective successor of Ratan Tata in accordance with the case study Analysis: For expansion of businesses and investments, there is absence of common corporate strategy for Tata Group, which might hinder its overall productivity. This might act as a restraining force and hence, it could be linked with the force field analysis of Kurt Lewin. Continuing the operations of Corus Mills is a serious challenge for Tata Group due to high debt burden of $7.4 billion. However, one of the significant competitive advantages that Tata Group enjoys over its rivals is backward integration, since it has its own sufficient iron ore and coal reserves for manufacturing raw steel at lower cost in India. Raw steel is shipped to the first-class mills of Corus for manufacturing steel products. However, the financial data of Tata Motors, as provided in the case study, states that it was the least profitable business in 2007. With the help of competitive advantage and acquisition of Corus Mills, Tata Group could use Corus Mills and Tata Steel for manufacturing steel car parts at lower costs in order to minimise the cost of revenue for Tata Motors (Yadav, Tikoria Dadhich, 2017). In order to deal with the sustainability issue, Tata Group could minimise contributions for charitable causes like minimising or terminating the yearly $40 million contribution for charitable acts in Jamshedpur for sustaining its business operations. However, it might result in loss of reputation for the group because of negative media and press reporting (Koontz Weihrich, 2015). In relation to themanagement control in Tata Group, it has adopted family type organisational culture, in which it takes adequate care of its staffs along with providing continual employment. This is depicted in the form of contribution of $40 million yearly in its home base of Jamshedpur and the remuneration policy of its staffs until they reach the age of 60. This would increase the overall expenses of Tata Group for achieving its corporate social responsibility. Criteria of evaluation: For identifying and segregating between the businesses related to cash cows and stars and the businesses related to question mark and dog within the next half year. Minimising the debt burden of $7.4 billion of Corus within the upcoming five years Minimising the yearly charitable expense within the upcoming five years Finding out a successor within the upcoming two or three years Alternative strategies: Short-term: S1: Identifying and grouping the various business segments in accordance with the BCG matrix S2: Determining the business areas to be focused and those to be liquidated Long-term: L1: Minimising the debt burden of $7.4 billion of Corus with the help of refinancing of debt loan at a lower rate of interest L2: Minimising the yearly charitable expense of $40 million by 5% per annum in the initial four years and 10% in the fifth year along with fall in staff benefits as well L3: Finding out a successor for changing its family type organisational culture Recommended strategies: Based on the evaluation of the possible alternatives, the following strategies could be selected: S1: Identifying and grouping the businesses S2: Determining the business operations to be continued and those to be shut down L2: Minimising the yearly charitable expense Justification of recommendations: The short-term strategies S1 and S2 are selected, since it would help in resolving the expansion of businesses due to the absence of common group strategy with an identical objective for Tata Group. The long-term strategy L2 is chosen, since it would help the group in freeing up additional capital for boosting the stars businesses. Implementation, control and follow-up: In order to implement S1 and S2, consolidation needs to be executed with utmost care in order to avoid staff redundancy (Thite et al., 2016). After successful execution, the corporate office of Tata Group need not launch extensive business expansion plans without careful considerations. The corporate office needs to monitor the implementation of the strategies with a specific timeline developed in the form of a guide for restricting any delay or procrastination. For implementing the L2 strategy, utmost caution is needed, since quick implementation might dampen the reputation of the group because of negative media and press reporting. The minimisation would be carried out gradually in five years and the corporate office of the group would have to adhere closely to the timeline (Tung, 2016). Conclusion: From the above evaluation, it could be inferred that the major issues confronting the global business operations of Tata Group include business sustainability,management control, expansion of businesses and successor. For eliminating these issues, it is recommended to the organisation to group the businesses, ascertain the business operations to be carried out and shut down and finally, minimising the yearly charitable expense. References: Buckley, P. J., Munjal, S., Enderwick, P., Forsans, N. (2016). Cross-border acquisitions by Indian multinationals: Asset exploitation or asset augmentation?. Contractor, F. J., Kumar, V., Dhanaraj, C. (2015). Leveraging India: Global interconnectedness and locational competitive advantage.Management International Review,55(2), 159-179. Deresky, H. (2017).International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Koontz, H., Weihrich, H. (2015).Essentials of Management: An International, Innovation, and Leadership Perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H., Zentes, J. (2015).Strategic international management(pp. 978-3658078836). Springer. Thite, M., Wilkinson, A., Budhwar, P., Mathews, J. A. (2016). Internationalization of emerging Indian multinationals: Linkage, leverage and learning (LLL) perspective.International Business Review,25(1), 435-443. Tung, R. L. (2016). New perspectives on human resource management in a global context.Journal of World Business,51(1), 142-152. Yadav, N., Tikoria, J., Dadhich, A. (2017). Pathway towards Competitiveness through Sustainable Enterprise: A Case Study of Tata Group.International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness,12(1), 45-58.

Egyptain Foreign Policy In Regards To Israel The United States. The Essay Example For Students

Egyptain Foreign Policy In Regards To Israel The United States. The Essay History of the conflict in the Middle East is long and well documented. To both, and to many biased observers the history of the Egyptian/Israeli conflict is very one sided, with one government, or one people causing the continued wars between the two neighboring states. But, as any social scientist of any reputation will state, all international conflicts have more than one side, and usually are the result of events surrounding, and extending over the parties involved. Thus, using this theory as a basis, we must assume that the conflict between Israel and Egypt is more complicated than a partial observer would see it. For the purpose of this paper, we are going to examine the basic factors of Egypts Involvement and conflict with Israel, with some emphasis on the involvement of the United State, and the Western Nation in this conflict. Also, I wish to pay particular attention to the question of who, or what brought these countries into conflict. Were they both victims of their situation, or did they become actively involved in promoting conflict, or perhaps a third party source, such as the US pushed them into conflict? In 1948, the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel was read by David Ben-Gurion in Tel Aviv. The Egyptians, like most of the Arab states saw this as a creation of a Western State, backed by the British Empire, and thus an imperialistic entity in the Arab homeland. Considering the past 20 years of the Egyptian state, and of most of the Arab nations, was a continual conflict again imperial powers, the Egyptian were naturally weary and afraid of any new imperialistic powers developing in the Middle East. In September 1947, the League of Arab States decided to resist by force the plan for the partition of Palestine into an Arab and a Jewish State, and when the Jewish state was created, the armies of the various Arab states entered into Palestine to save the country for the Arabs again Zionist a ggression. The Arabs were defeated and the Arab Countries saved a small amount of land, the Transjordon, and the West Bank. Similarly Egypt saved strip of territory around Gaza. The causes of this war, and Egypts involved can be examined in several ways. Obviously, the creation of the State of Israel by Ben-Gurion and his supporters provided a excuse for the Arab Nations, and Egypt to attack the Jewish population in Israel. As mentioned, the Egyptians saw the formation of Israel as an Imperialist state, and they were defending the land for the Palestinians, and more importantly for the newly developing arab unity. While the United States was not actively involved in the war, either by providing arms or providing much assistance, their actions did create an interesting and volatile atmosphere. As soon as the state of Israel was created, the United State quickly recognized the state and started diplomatic relations with the newly formed government. At the same time, the USSR recognized Israel, not wishing the US to be seen as the champion for the newly found state. Although there is no definitive proof, one can assume that Egypt, and the rest of the Arab nations felt the need to quickly react to the situation, in almost a type of fear that powers outside their Arab influence, such as the United States were quickly impeding on their territory, by using Israel as a means of their peaceful aggression.Still, Egypt was clearly the main aggressor in this instance, and was not defending their own territory, but instead attempting to obtain territory, which they did succeed in acquiring, through the Gaza Strip. The Egyptian actions quickly set the tone of conflict in the Middle East, giving the Israelis no option but the take an initial purely military response in defense of their newly formed state. In the minds of the Israeli leaders, Egypt was nothing but a threat to the existence of the Jewish state, and thus, perhaps rightly, should only be dealt with as an enemy. From the outcome of this poorly prepared war emerged Gamal Abdul Nasser, who commanded an Egyptian Army in Palestine. He organized a clandestine group inside the army called the Free Officers. After the war against Israel, the Free Officers began to plan for a revolutionary overthrow of the government. In 1949 nine of the Free Officers formed the Committee of the Free officers Movement and in 1950 Nasser was elected chairman. In 1952, the Free Officers Movement led a revolution in Egypt and took power, under the newly formed Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) , with Muhammad Naguib as president and commander in Chief. Almost all leader in the RCC were soldiers, many who had fought in the 1948 war and this seriously affected the outlook of them towards Israel, and their policies towards Israel as a state. Most of them had some type of conflicts with the British and were totally, and completely against colonial power in the Middle East, of any kind.While Naguib was the head of the RCC and the government, Nasser was the real power behind Egypt. Although the first 2 years of the RCCs existence was a struggle of power, Nasser eventually won, and the Egyptian foreign policy was dictated by him. Within a few months Naguib officially began prime minister, minister of war, commander in chief and the president of the RCC. Interestingly enough, Nasser took no direct actions during the next few years against Israel, but instead focused on internal colonization, by trying to get the British out.It should be mentioned that around this time, the great contracts against the USSR were formed and implemented. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Southeast Treaty organization were supposed t o contain the Soviet Union in the west and east. The Baghdad pact, brought Britain, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Iraq to form a barrier on the USSRs south borders. It seems that Nasser failed to see this importance, even when Britain initially refused to talk about leaving Egypt until Nasser agreed to an alliance. This decision affected him later, when he sough foreign aid. The United States seeing the growing cold war conflict in this region sought to use the conflict between Israel ; Egypt to its advantage. While they didnt wish to offend either side, at the time, they couldnt yet pledge allegiance to either side. When in 1955, after the British had agree to eventually leave the Canal Area, Nasser started to become convinced once again that Egypt had to arm to defend itself against Israel. Still, the first attack in 1955 was Israel, when they attacked Egyptian Military outposts in Gaza. Quickly, realizing his possible situation, Nasser sought western aid only to find that neither the U.S., France or Britain was willing to help. Because Nasser had refused to join an anti-USSR alliance, he was seen as a threat, especially by people such as the Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. Nasser, then turned to the USSR and accepted soviet weapons, which put them directly against the western push for influence in the Middle East. This decision effected Nasser influence on the Western powers for it made sure than in later years that Israel, and not Egypt would get assistance from the United States or Britain. Yet, they he had no choice, except to arm himself in this manner. In Secret Britain, the United States and Israel agreed to allow Israel to attack the Canal from across the Sinai Desert. Business Plan Essay The next day, President Nixon formally asked Congress for emergency funds to finance the massive airlift of arms to Israel that was already under way. During this time, the Major Oil producers in the region cut back production to the United States as an embargo because of these actions. Israel was able to counterattack and succeeded in crossing to the west bank of the canal and surrounding the Egyptian Army. Sadat appealed to the Soviet Union for help. On October 22, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 338, calling for a cease-fire by all parties within twelve hours in the positions they occupied. Egypt accepted the cease-fire, but Israel, alleging Egyptian violations of the cease-fire, completed the encirclement Army to the east of the canal.The Soviet Union was furious, believing it had been double-crossed by the United States. On October 24, the Soviet ambassador handed Kissinger a note from Brezhnev threatening that if the United States was not prepared to join in sending forces to impose the cease-fire, the Soviet Union would act alone. Luckily the UN sent a force there to enforce the cease-fire. Meanwhile, Syria felt betrayed by Egypt because Sadat did not inform his ally of his decision to accept the cease-fire. Two days after Sadat, Syria accepted the cease-fire as well. The Israelis, however, paid a heavy price for merely holding their attackers to an inconclusive draw. The war had a devastating effect on Israels economy and was followed by savage austerity measures and drastically reduced living standards. For the first time, Israelis witnessed the humiliating spectacle of Israeli were seen on Arab television. Also, for the first time captured Israeli hardware was exhibited in Cairo.Sadats prestige grew tremendously. The war, along with the political moves Sadat had made previously, meant that he was totally in control and able to implement the programs he wanted. He was the hero of the day. In 1977 the outlook for peace between Israel and Egypt was not good. Israel still held most of Sinai, and negotiations had been at a stalemate since the second disengagement agreement in 1975. Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin was a hard-liner and a supporter of Israeli expansion. He approved the development of settlements on the occupied West Bank and reprisal raids into southern Lebanon. After the food riots of January 1977, Sadat decided that something dramatic had to be done, and so on November 19, 1977, in response to an invitation from Begin, Sadat journeyed to Jerusalem, and agreed upon peace. Many Egyptians accepted peace with Israel if it meant regaining Egyptian territories. Of the Arab countries, only Sudan, Oman, and Morocco were favorable to Sadats trip. In the other Arab states, there was shock and dismay. The Arabs felt that Sadat had betrayed the cause of Arab solidarity and the Palestinians. In spite of Sadats denials, the Arabs believed that he intended to go it alone and make a separate peace with Israel. In fact, that is what happened. In December 1977, Egypt and Israel began peace negotiations in Cairo. These negotiations continued on and off over the next several months, but by September 1978 it was clear that they were deadlocked. President Jimmy Carter had become closely involved in the negotiations. In an effort to break the deadlock, Carter invited Sadat and Begin to Camp David. The negotiations were tense and almost broke down several times. On September 17, however, Carter announced that the Camp David Accords had been reached. They consisted of two parts, the Framework for Peace in the Middle East and the Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt. The Camp David Accords made Sadat a hero in Europe and the United States. The reaction in Egypt was generally favorable, but there was opposition from the left. In the Arab world, Sadat was almost universally condemned. Only Sudan issued an ambivalent statement of support. The Arab states suspended all official aid and severed diplomatic relations. Egypt was expelled from the Arab League, which it was instrumental in founding, and from other Arab institutions. Saudi Arabia withdrew the funds it had promised for Egypts purchase of American fighter aircraft.In the West, where Sadat was extolled as a hero and a champion of peace, the Arab rejection of the Camp David Accords is often confused with the rejection of peace. The basis for Arab rejection was opposition to Egypts separate peace with Israel. Although Sadat insisted that the treaty provided for a comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Arab states and the PLO saw it as a separate peace, which Sadat had vowed he would not sign. The Arabs believed that only a unified Arab stance and the threat of force would persuade Israel to negotiate a settlement of the Palestinian issue that would satisfy Palestinian demands for a homeland. Without Egypts military power, the threat of force evaporated because no single Arab state was strong enough militarily to confront Israel alone. The Camp David Accords brought peace to Egypt but not prosperity. With no real improvement in the economy, Sadat became increasingly unpopular. His isolation in the Arab world was matched by his increasing remoteness from the mass of Egyptians. While Sadats critics in the Arab world remained beyond his reach, increasingly he reacted to criticism at home by expanding censorship and jailing his opponents. In addition, Sadat subjected the Egyptians to a series of referenda on his actions and proposals that he invariably won by more than 99 percent of the vote. For example, in May 1979 the Egyptian people approved the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty by 99.9 percent of those voting.Sadats handpicked successor, Husni Mubarak, was overwhelmingly approved in a national referendum on October 24. Mubaraks main concern in regard to the Israeli conflict was concerned to regain the Sinai Peninsula for Egypt and to return his country to the Arab fold. One of Mubaraks first acts was to pledge to honor the peace treaty with Israel. In April 1982, the Israeli withdrawal from Sinai took place as scheduled. A multinational force of observers took up positions in Sinai to monitor the peace. Egypt was allowed to station only one army division in Sinai. Since then, Egypt has had a decent relationship with Israel and the United States, and it has been seen by many Arab Countries as the traitor in many circumstances. It is perceivable that without the influence of the United States the peace in Israel would have been different, if not sooner. The United States, in order to push the cold war policies saw Israel and Egypt as pawn in their global game of politics. Especially in the early years, neither country saw the United States as a enemy nor as a ally, and thus depended on it for little. Yet, both countries saw the possibility of gaining resources from the great western power, or at least its enemy the USSR.Under Carter, however the United States, perhaps for the first time, played a peace-making role in the Middle East. Perhaps Carter was being the peaceful President, or more likely he realized the need for peace in the middle east in order to lower the gas prices, and for the US to harness the immense resources of the region.