Economics, Scarcity, and Choice :: Economics

Economics, Scarcity, and ChoiceEconomics is the study of choice under conditions of scarcity Scarcity a situation in which the amount of something available is insufficient to satisfy the desire for it.- date and purchasing power are scarce As individuals, we face a scarcity of time and spending power. Given more of either, we could have more of the goods and services that we desire.Resources the land, labor, and capital that are used to father goods and services- scarce labor the time human beings spend producing goods and services capital long lasting tools used in producing goods and services physical capital buildings, machinery, equipment human capital skills and training workers be possessed of land the physical space on which production occurs, and the natural resources that come with it As a society, our resources, land, labor, and capital, are insufficient to produce all the goods and services we magnate desire. In other words, society faces a scarcity o f resources. Raw material not long lasting tool Ex. ChalkWhat to produce?How much to produce?How to produce it?The World of EconomicsMicroeconomics the study of the behavior of individual households, firms, and g everywherenments the Choices they make and their interaction in specific markets What happens to the cost of movie tickets over the next quintette years? How umteen jobs ordain open up in the fast-food industry?Macroeconomics the study of the economy as a whole Lumps all goods and services unitedly and looks at the economys total output.Positive economics the study of what is, of how the economy works (deals with the facts)Ex. If we lower income tax rates in the U.S. next year, will the economy grow faster? If so, by how much? What effect will it have on total employment?Normative economics the study of what should be it is used to make value judgments, identify Problems, and prescribe solutions. Normative analysis is based on positive analysis.Why Study Economics1. T o understand the area better- understand global and cataclysmic events such as wars, famines, epidemics- understand local problems ex. Worsening traffic conditions in the city- tell us how many skilled therapists, ministers are available to help us2. To gain self-confidence- when you master economics, you gain a sense of mastery over the world, and thus over your own life3. To achieve social change- make the world a better place

A Critical Analysis of Lies My Teacher Told Me Essay -- James Loewen A

A Critical Analysis ofLies My Teacher Told Me It would be better not to know so many things than to know so many things which atomic number 18 not so. -FELIX OKOYE Out of alone forms of literature currently known to man, educational textbooks are arguably the least interesting. On top of being incredibly tire, textbooks, curiously American history ones, neglect to include the entirety of the reading that it should. Because American history textbooks wish only to paint the United States in a hopeful light, the authors opt to leave out anything that may hurt its image. What Lies My Teacher Told Me attempts to do is lay out uncommonly known facts for the misinformed history students of today. While it does succeed in bringing forth some good points and fundamental flaws within the educations of the ordinary history student, it itself fails to correct one of the very reasons it claims that history books are so bad. The information within this book is accurate and would be stimulating in every way had it only been arranged in a coherent and interesting matter. However, by and by only a chapter the reader is struggling to stay awake with the incredibly boring style of writing and is trying to sort through and organize all of the randomly arranged thoughts that make this more misleading than the history textbooks it attempts to defraud. To open up the book, Loewen tried to explain exactly why history textbooks are so hated. He brings up the very good point that they are, in fact, boring, and uses that as a launching pad to show that the only reason they are boring is the fact that they leave out so much controversy and information that i... ... less than the rest of the country. While it was still interesting information, he could have swing music many things out which, in a sense, take away from his message that history neglects to teach certain things because some of these things were, in fact, taug ht. The rest of this book follows a similar pattern of proposing great ideas without any follow through, or if there is follow through, it is too boring and misleading to appreciate. While this book had the potential of being a great in consideration to the teachings of American history due to its ability to identify little known facts about the United States, it is too flaw to even be thought of as anything impactful. Work Cited Loewen, James W. Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. New York Simon & Schuster, 1996.

Changing Views of The Chorus in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Changing Views of The Chorus in Antigone The chorus line, a group of common people who follow the actions of the play Antigone, waver in their support of both Antigone or Creon, depending on their actions during a particular part of the story-line. Early in the play it is evident that they are extremely pro-Creon, but a short clock later they look to sway into the direction of Antigone and support her actions. This incongruency about the them, however, was an extremely interesting feature of this Sophocles drama, causing the reader to question the reliability of the chorus. The opening lines from the chorus merely inform the reader about the war which had just taken place between Thebes and Argos. Their last lines of this opening chorale passage, however, introduced king Creon, making him assimilatem quite noble yet mysterious to his loyal subjects. They state such questions as what new plan will he launch? and Why this abrupt call to the old men summoned at one c ommand? (Lines 175-178) These lines are utilized by Sophocles as a suspenseful introduction to Creons orders concerning the corpse of Polynices. The choruss side by side(p) appearance blatantly shows their biased attitudes against Antigone and her exiled father Oedipus. At this point they still sing praise for King Creon and his unwavering decisions concerning the law which was placed upon the city regarding the body of Polynices When he weaves in the laws of the land, and the justice of the gods that binds his oaths together, he and his city rise high--but the city casts out that man who weds himself to inhumanity thanks to reckless daring. Never share my dwelling never think my thoughts, whoever does such things. (Lines 409-416) In my opinion the man laying down the law here is Creon and Antigone is the man wedding herself to inhumanity. The next major choral address is a turning point regarding their attitude towards Antigone. At this point they are actually feel ing pity towards the rebellious young woman precisely now, even Id rebel against the king. Id break all bounds when I see this-- I fill with tears, cant hold them back not any more. . . I see Antigone make her way to the bridal vault where all are

the time machine characters :: essays research papers

Characters The Time traveller - The Time Travellers name is never given. simply the narrator wants to protect his identity. The Time Traveller is an inventor. He likes to speculate on the future and the underlying structures of what he observes. His house is in Richmond, a suburb of London.The narrator - The narrator, Mr. Hillyer, is the Time Travellers dinner guest. His curiosity is sufficient to make him return to investigate the morning later the first time travel.Weena - Weena is one of the Eloi. Although the Time Traveller reports that it is touchy to distinguish gender among the Eloi, he seems quite sure that Weena is female. He easily saves her from being washed down the river, and she eagerly becomes his friend. Her behavior toward him is not unlike that of a pet or small child.Summary A group of men, including the narrator, is listening to the Time Traveller discuss his theory that time is the fourth dimension. The Time Traveller produces a miniature time machine and makes it disappear into thin air. The next week, the guests return, to find their host stumble in, looking disheveled and tired. They sit down after dinner, and the Time Traveller begins his story.The Time Traveller had finally finished work on his time machine, and it rocketed him into the future. When the machine stops, in the year 802,701 AD, he finds himself in a paradisiacal world of small humanoid creatures describeed Eloi. They are frail and peaceful, and give him fruit to eat. He explores the area, but when he returns he finds that his time machine is gone. He decides that it has been put inside the pedestal of a nearby statue. He tries to pry it open but cannot. In the night, he begins to catch glimpses of strange white ape-like creatures the Eloi call Morlocks. He decides that the Morlocks live below ground, down the wells that dot the landscape. Meanwhile, he saves one of the Eloi from drowning, and she befriends him. Her name is Weena. The Time Traveller finally works u p enough courage to go down into the world of Morlocks to try to retrieve his time machine. He finds that matches are a good defense against the Morlocks, but ultimately they shack him out of their realm. Frightened by the Morlocks, he takes Weena to try to find a place where they will be safe from the Morlocks nocturnal hunting.

Defending Pro-wrestling Essay example -- essays research papers

As people flip through and through the channels on Monday nights they pass over at least twodifferent headmaster combat shows. When people notice the wrestling the most commonplaceality thing for them to do is to keep flipping the channels. Why? Because the common view of professional wrestling is that it is not real and it is stupid. Two years ago I feeling the same thing about professional wrestling, in fact I refused to watch it. During the summer of my junior year in high school my gent and I made a deal - he would watch The Little Mermaid with me if I would watch wrestling, so I agreed. We watched wrestling first and to my surprise it was not as bad as I thought. there are actual story lines that go on through the whole show,just like a scoop opera such as General Hospital. The wrestlers I saw were amazing they were so muscular and talented. I was in shock because I thought that I hated wrestling more than anything...didn&8217t I? After watching it a few more times I be came hooked and I cod since learned all about wrestling and what a truly great sport it is. People assume that wrestlers are just faking all the moves they perform ,and that they genuinely are not that strong. After watching wrestling for so long I have learned a lot about the wrestlers and their backgrounds. Many of the professional wrestlers played high school and college football. A superlative example of this is my favorite wrestler The Rock, he played football for the Miami Hurricanes and was an All-American play... Defending Pro-wrestling Essay example -- essays research papers As people flip through the channels on Monday nights they pass over at least twodifferent professional wrestling shows. When people notice the wrestling the most common thing for them to do is to keep flipping the channels. Why? Because the common view of professional wrestling is that it is not real and it is stupid. Two years ago I thought the same thing about professional wrestling , in fact I refused to watch it. During the summer of my junior year in high school my boyfriend and I made a deal - he would watch The Little Mermaid with me if I would watch wrestling, so I agreed. We watched wrestling first and to my surprise it was not as bad as I thought. There are actual story lines that go on through the whole show,just like a soap opera such as General Hospital. The wrestlers I saw were amazing they were so muscular and talented. I was in shock because I thought that I hated wrestling more than anything...didn&8217t I? After watching it a few more times I became hooked and I have since learned all about wrestling and what a truly great sport it is. People assume that wrestlers are just faking all the moves they perform ,and that they really are not that strong. After watching wrestling for so long I have learned a lot about the wrestlers and their backgrounds. Many of the professional wrestlers played high school and college football. A prime example of this is my favorite wrestler The Rock, he played football for the Miami Hurricanes and was an All-American play...

Defending Pro-wrestling Essay example -- essays research papers

As people flip through the bring on Monday nights they pass over at least twodifferent professional wrestling shows. When people notice the wrestling the most common thing for them to do is to keep flipping the channels. Why? Because the common go steady of professional wrestling is that it is not real and it is stupid. Two years ago I thought the similar thing about professional wrestling, in fact I refused to befool it. During the summer of my junior year in high school my boyfriend and I made a deal - he would watch The Little Mermaid with me if I would watch wrestling, so I agreed. We watched wrestling first and to my surprise it was not as bad as I thought. There be actual story lines that go on through the whole show,just like a soap opera such as General Hospital. The wrestlers I dictum were amazing they were so muscular and talented. I was in shock because I thought that I despised wrestling more than anything...didn&8217t I? by and by watching it a few more times I became hooked and I have since wise to(p) all about wrestling and what a genuinely great sport it is. People assume that wrestlers are just faking all the moves they perform ,and that they really are not that strong. After watching wrestling for so long I have learned a lot about the wrestlers and their backgrounds. Many of the professional wrestlers compete high school and college football. A prime cause of this is my favorite wrestler The Rock, he played football for the Miami Hurricanes and was an All-American play... Defending Pro-wrestling Essay example -- essays research papers As people flip through the channels on Monday nights they pass over at least twodifferent professional wrestling shows. When people notice the wrestling the most common thing for them to do is to keep flipping the channels. Why? Because the common view of professional wrestling is that it is not real and it is stupid. Two years ago I thought the same thing about professional wres tling, in fact I refused to watch it. During the summer of my junior year in high school my boyfriend and I made a deal - he would watch The Little Mermaid with me if I would watch wrestling, so I agreed. We watched wrestling first and to my surprise it was not as bad as I thought. There are actual story lines that go on through the whole show,just like a soap opera such as General Hospital. The wrestlers I saw were amazing they were so muscular and talented. I was in shock because I thought that I hated wrestling more than anything...didn&8217t I? After watching it a few more times I became hooked and I have since learned all about wrestling and what a truly great sport it is. People assume that wrestlers are just faking all the moves they perform ,and that they really are not that strong. After watching wrestling for so long I have learned a lot about the wrestlers and their backgrounds. Many of the professional wrestlers played high school and college football. A prime example of this is my favorite wrestler The Rock, he played football for the Miami Hurricanes and was an All-American play...

Opinion About Macbeth Essay

Macbeth tells a story of a brave strong warrior the king of Scotland becomes his successor by murdering him and then hes defeated. Before we meet Macbeth , we form an opinion of him based on what other people say about him for example the king of Scotland Duncan says O worthy gentlemen oh dauntless cousin. This shows their related, well bred and worthwhile. And the bloody opus says But all too weak for brave Macbeth well he deserves his name. This suggests hes a well know brave solider. Macbeth surprises us with his reaction to the witchs prophecies, because when they tell him hes Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and shall be king. Hes stunned and full of disbelief as he says A prosperous gentleman and shall be king stand not within the prospect of belief. he thinks hes taking mortal elses tittle of them because he says I know Im thane of Glamis hardly how Cawdor the thane of Cawdor lives Then he wants to know more of what the witches said to him. Stay you debile speakers t ell me more. he gets tempted about what they said to him. If good why do to that suggestion.This shows that hed like to be king then he thinks of murder. My idea whose murder yet is but fantastical. This suggests he wants to murder the current king of Scotland, to get what he wants. But he doesnt want to do it he wants to leave it to fate. But Lady Macbeth influences him to do it, by saying that he doesnt love her, if he did it he would make him more of a man and that shed do anything for him. In act 1 sc IV we see more ideals of murder as he thinks, Im either going to have to step over him or give up because hes in my expressive style. Hes thinking this about the prince of Cumberland .now he thinks of the murder of Duncan and says stars, hide your light so no one can see the terrible desires within me. I wont let my heart look at what my hand is doing, but in the end Im still going to do that thing Id be horrified to see.He says hes going to do it but dot not want to she the t hings hell do. We first see Lady Macbeth in act 1 sc v, we realise a few things about her she ambitious and influences Macbeth an awful lot Glamis thou art, Cawdor and shall be what thou art promised. This convey she thinks and knows some how she will make him be king, this boosts him and he thinks he can do it. She also has a low opinion of Macbeth, yet I do fear thy nature it is too full of the milk of human kindness. She thinks hes too nice and kind to do it. Art not without ambition, but without wunes should attend it. This says got ambition but he not got the guts to do it or go through with it. She trying to influence him by saying that I pour my sprits in thine ear and chastie with the valar of my tongue. this means she going to fill him with evil and talk him in to it.Lady Macbeth influences Macbeth in many ways the first way we see is that she say was drunk and when he was he promised that he would kill Duncan. She tries to say that he doesnt love her, but by what he says and dose he loves her my dearest partner in life. and then she trys to make out hes a coward, because he doesnt want to kill big businessman Duncan. She says she would do it so why wouldnt he, she try to say he letting her down if he doesnt do it she tells him hed be more attractive if he did it. She keeps saying if shed made a promise she would have kept it. I conclude that lady Macbeth did influence him in some ways because shes the one who finally made him do it but overall I think it was both of them as he thought of murder before he even saw her.

The Lais of Marie de France

The Adulterous Medieval Times Since the beginning of written hi humbug, marriage is portrayed as a sacred vow by almost all religions and peoples throughout the Earth while adultery is almost always looked upon as wrong. Marie de France was one of the few female writers in medieval times which made her actually influential and well respected. In her book titled The Lais of Marie de France, she gives the endorser a look into the personal business and adultery that was going on in the medieval courts.It seems Marie de France does not particularly agree with adultery, but her style of writing leads the reader to see that it is not so bad, dep resultant on the situation. It is almost as if she separates the lais into two distinct groups. The offset of which are the stories where Marie tries to make the reader feel compassion and sorry for the lovers like in Lanval and Yonec. The an other(prenominal) group is where the reader is made to feel anger and displeasure toward the couples like in Equitan and Bisclavret. IN the lai Yonec, there is a young woman who has been locked away by her much older husband. By the end of just the first page, the reader is meant to feel this womans pain and how hard her life must be to be marries to this horrible man. She really cannot do eitherthing active her terrible situation though since she is married to him which means that she is basically his property. The thing that makes this lai different from the others is that this woman prays to theology to have someone come and save her.God answers her prayers by sending a hawk that turns into a courtly knight that lovers her. These two become extramarital lovers but it seems respectable since it was God, Himself, that sent this woman a new lover. The affair is not just about sex, rather that these two share a apparitional connection and relationship which makes the union even to a greater extent respectable with the standards of the time. When her husband realizes what is goi ng on he sets a trap and mortally wounds the knight. The lady is very sad until the knight tells her that she is pregnant.The knight tells the lady that she is to name her son Yonec and that he will avenge their love. As the boy grows up though the rest of the story, he learns the truth about his father. His mother finally reveals the whole truth to Yonec and dies while she is doing so. Yonec thus goes and trains his real fathers sword and chops off his stepfathers head. regular(a) though this lai ends on a somewhat gruesome note, the reader is odd with a sense of relief and happiness because the true lovers were finally avenged from the reprehensible tyrant that tore them apart.In the lai Lanval, King Arthur is shown as a great king who is giving out land and wives to all the knights that serve him, all of them demur Lanval who is all but forgotten. Lanval was very distraught by this so he left the castle to clear his mind. He risks upon two very beautiful women who take him back to their maiden. Once Lanval meets this maiden the love affair begins but it is very pure of heart and shown as true love. This makes the reader very happy for the love couple, but that feeling is false because this is a carnal relationship out of wedlock which is wrong.The reader then learns that Lanval can tell nobody about her or she will leave him that same instant. This puts the woman into the lord role over Lanval giving him a wife and land as long as he obeys her. anval soon boasts about his lady and insults Queen Guinevere at the same time. Lanval must stand trial for what he has done and prove to the court that his lady is more beautiful which is impossible since he spoke about her and now she is gone. As the trial is ending his lady comes to his rescue and the ride away to Avalon.The reader is left with a satisfied feeling even though they are not married. This lai lets the reader put their own morals to suit themselves in each situation. The first two lais were ver y similar in showing adultery as being a pretty good thing. The next two are exclusively opposite. Bisclavret shows an adulterous relationship in a very negative way. In this lai, there is a happy couple that seem to enjoy each other but end up as enemies. The man is a werewolf but does not immediately share this information with his wife until she keeps bugging him and he feels illegal about not letting her know.After the wife learns of his secret, she refuses to sleep with him anymore and becomes the lover of another man. She then knows that all she has to do is hide his attire when he is a werewolf and he will then stay as a werewolf. This is where the reader starts to feel true hatred toward this woman because she planned this treason on her husband only after he shared all his secrets with her. This lai is different because it is the woman who is being terrible to her husband. He told her all his secrets and instead of rely him, she ultimately betrayed his trust.Bisclavret does get his revenge though. The King takes him in as a pet until he sees his wife and her new lover and bites her nose off. He gets his clothes back so he is human again, and the greatest revenge that Bisclavret gets is that his former wifes children are all born without noses. The reader never feels any pity toward the woman even though she does get hurt by her husband because she had nothing but malicious intent against Bisclavret through the entire story. The ending is also like a moral to a fable to show that this behavior is not something anyone should ever do.The lai equitant has many similarities to Bisclavrets story. The king in this story wants to marry his seneschals wife which is of course wrong. Nothing seems so bad because the king is letting her think about what she might want to do. so it turns ugly because the wife and the king then plot to murder her husband. She plans for the king to betray her husband so that he will die in a very hot, scalding bath. The senesc hal comes to the room where this is supposed to happen and he finds the king and his wife in each others arms.The king accidentally jumps into the scalding bath and dies. The seneschal then throws his wife into the burning water as well for the betrayal that she plotted. The seneschal gets the revenge he deserved by being able to kill the primary(prenominal) person who plotted against him with his own hands. Again, the reader feels no remorse or mercy towards the king and the seneschals wife because they betrayed him. Marie also ends this story with a moral showing that betrayal can easily backfire on the impure people that plot it.Marie de France presents adultery in a way where the reader can form their own opinions. She definitely does not approve of adultery in and way, shape, or form. The reader is led to feel hope and understanding about the lovers in some of the lais while in others, the reader can only feel hatred and displeasure towards the betrayers of love. The hope and understanding comes to the read during the cruel things that happen to prevent true love from happening. The hatred that the reader develops is when the betrayal and evil deeds are brought into the story.

The Statement of Cash Flow Is Not Redundant and Necessary for Investment Decision Making

Introduction The manager of Dowlais Iron confederation, made a new fiscal contestation called comparison balance sheet, in 1863 to explain the reason for the inability to invest was due to the holding of too much inventory, despite the profit made. This was the reference of the bullion incline direction, which was later made compulsory by the Financial Accounting Standard Boards (FASB) under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). This step was followed by International Accounting Standard Boards (IASB) when they issue IAS 7 bills come down bidding.The hard cash Flow Statement only reported transactions that took place by the use of cash or cash equivalents, and discarded allthing that was recorded on accrual basis in Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position) and the Profit and button Statement (Statement of Comprehensive Income). The construction of the Cash Flow Statement is divided into three cash flow from operating, investing and financing activities. With two approaches in constructing Cash Flow Statement direct and indirect approach, the difference is basically on the construction of the first part, operating activities.Cash flow from operating activities ar cash flow from principal revenue-producing activities of the company and other activities that are not investing or financing activities. In using the direct method approach, it would feel to start from rise up what are the cash receipts and cash payments made during the period, while the indirect method approach would start with the profit before tax figure and later, adjustments are made, i. e. depreciation, increase or devolve in inventories, receivables, payables, etc.The other two activities (financing and investing) remain the same regardless of methods used. Financing activities are activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the equity capital and borrowings of the enterprise. For example, the proceeds of the companys shares, payment of d ivid residuals, borrowings, etc. With regard to the investing activities, it consists of any activities of investment for capital assets, financial markets, and even operating subsidiaries.Although the conception of the Cash Flow Statement is considered quite new in the accounting world (which starts around 1490s by Luca Pacioli, that was called bookkeeping), it is agreed that in that respect are a lot of benefits with the presence of the Cash Flow Statement. This position paper will touch on a couple of them just to be firm on the topic, that is The Statement of Cash Flow is not Redundant and Necessary for Investment Decision Making. Cash Flow Statement as a shaft for Investment DecisionThere are ways and ratios that we could use to measure the solvency and liquidity of a company, using the information from the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position) and the Profit and Loss Statement (Statement of Comprehensive Income). However, with the presence of Cash Flow Statement, it is made easier and more logic. The first ratio would be the Operating Cash Flow Ratio which could be recoup from the following formula Cash Flow from Operations ? on-going Liabilities This ratio would give the indication as to whether or not the company is able to regress their current debt with the use of the cash from operating activities.This ratio is slightly similar to the Current Ratio, but the use of Cash Flow from Operations to replace Current Assets is simply more logical to measure the liquidity, because the Current Asset includes Inventories and Receivables which are not of the high liquidity compared to cash. The investors crowd out make a reasonable and justifiable finis based on this ratio, simply because it gives a better view of liquidity than the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position). The second ratio that could help investors decision making is the Price/Cash Flow Ratio.Even though this ratio is not widely use as the Price Earnings Ratio, this ra tio is often considered as the better indication of the companys note value. This mainly was due to the formula itself, which the Earnings per Share in the Price Earnings Ratio is changed to the Operation Cash Flow per Share. With this change, the value of the company relies on the cash flow from the principal revenue-producing activities, and not the Net Income which was derived on accrual basis, which the revenue and xpenses may or may not shit been received and paid. With the information from Cash Flow Statement, investors are able to make a wiser decision as to valuation of the companies because the cash is of the same importance as the profit, and sometimes may be regarded as more important. The next ratio is to help in measuring the solvency of a company, it is the Cash Flow from Operations/ comely Total Liabilities Ratio. From the name itself, we can figure that the formula would present like below Cash Flow from Operations ?Average Total Liabilities As mentioned, this rat io is to measure the solvency of the company, similar to Total Debt/Total Assets Ratio as both are to know the ability of the company to pay its debts. However, this ratio is better in terms of that it measures for the whole period, and not at a point of time. To explain this, know that the cash flow from operations are pay backd from the start of the period until the destroy of the period, and it uses the average of aggregate liabilities which does not focus on that point of time only.On the other hand, the Total Debt/Total Assets Ratio uses the total assets and total debts at the end of the period, the ones reported on balance sheet. Thus, one might increase their inventories or promote credit sales towards the end of the period, just to boost up the total assets figure, which later would give the indication the company has the ability to pay its debt, due to the high total assets figure. Apart from these ratios that are derived from information in the Cash Flow Statement, the elements in the statement itself can be helpful for investors to make decisions, without even the need to calculate any ratio.For example, a company may be having a negative total cash flow(total outflow), but if the cash flow from operating activities is positive, it may tranquilize be a heartfelt sign, as the negative cash flow is derived from the investing or financing activities. If the negative cash flow comes from heavy investing and causes a negative flow from investing activities, it may still be a good sign simply because the company might be considering an expansion in the future.Thus, the elements in the Cash Flow Statement itself can give information for the investors to make decisions, without even the fuss of computing ratios. Overall View of the Companys Activities Before looking at the future perspective of the company, which we have discussed former on how Cash Flow Statement is very helpful in making investment decision, the investors are more likely wanting to know the financial management of the company. Having a good future perspective may not always give profit to investors, if there is a bad financial management.With the elements determined out with such organization in the Cash Flow Statement, the investors would have a glimpse or overview of the companys activities throughout the year, what decision have they(company) made, what are the odds for the company paying the dividends, etc. As mentioned precedently, the total cash flow may not necessarily give the right interpretation of what is happening to the company. This is because if it does, indeed there is no need of the Cash Flow Statement, as the amount are present in the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position).Usually the increase in Inventories and Receivables would give an indication that the company is being illiquid compared to last period. Taking the Dowlais Iron Company (mentioned in the Introduction) as an example, the company were making profits, but they we re unable to do any investment. The reason being was that their assets are illiquid and are composed by high amount in inventories. This might also be an alarming mail as it gives the signal of the company being unable to collect their debts. Other elements has their own story respectively. Lets move a step further in our discussion, comparison elements.Taking the investing activities as an instance, the sale or disposal of assets by itself may be read as a hint of the company wanting to bum about rid of the old machines in order to buy a new one that is more productive in their expansion plan. However, if it is synchronized with the decrease in investment in subsidiaries, it may give a different story. There is a huge possibility that the company is closing down and try to allow go as much assets as possible. Previously, we have compare the positive cash flow from operating with the negative cash flow from investing (in previous point).Now, lets compare elements in the investin g activities with the elements in the financing activities. Firstly, the issuance of shares would obviously bring the positive vibe to investors as it is often read as expansion of the business. Business seems to be growing and thus, there were investors interested and bought the shares which in the statements would report an increase in number of shares. The twist in this comparison would be the decrease in amount payable or repayments to directors/shareholders is around the amount if shares issued.Without reading the complimentary notes, it can be assumed that the company is capitalising their debts, that is paying their debts through issuance of shares. This can be affirmed by reading the complimentary notes. When this happens, it gives an extreme situation of the inability of the company to pay their debts, up to the extend they have to swop it with the shares (sense of ownership to the company). The Cash Flow Statement should be analysed thoroughly, it gives lots of informatio n. Real Life CaseAll these theoretical can be easily argued and rejected by authentic parties, especially those who does not want to have hassle to prepare another financial statement. This point will give the flavour of the real life situation, when the Cash Flow Statement was not prepared, by using the W. T. kick in Company back in the 1970s. From the surface, it has the similar picture of the Dowlais Iron Company making profit, good assets amount, but no cash. Having mentioned that, the Dowlais Iron Company took the trouble to make a comparison balance sheet, while the W.T. Grant Company runs as though there was no problem. By purely looking at the Net Income amount, the investors were keen to invest in W. T. Grant Company as it seems promising and the earnings look tempting. Little did the investors know, the company was not generating any cash, instead they are the net user of cash. This problem does not happen within a financial year, it started a decade before the downfall of the company. There were decreasing trends of the companys liquidity, profitability and even turnover. However, all these problems were left ntouched and thus, the investors were not given any hint that the W. T. Grant Company was facing bankruptcy. The company was said to exhaust its liquid assets before using external markets for funds which later just grew bigger. These can be easily detected with the use of Cash Flow Statement. Apart from the negative cash flow from operating activities, the company and investors could be alarmed by the amount of payables that kept on increasing, and even the shares that were sold above the value of the company, simply because the market thought the company was doing fine.The upward trend of sales still does not manage to generate cash for the company, and this could be detected by the increase in the Receivables, which shows the inability to collect debt. All these problems can be detected years before the elimination of the company and cou ld be avoided, with the presence of Cash Flow Statement. Conclusion With Cash Flow Statement, these elements are laid down in such manner that it is easier for the users of financial statement to understand the story, compare to merely reading the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position) and the Profit and Loss Statement (Statement of Comprehensive Income).The investors are able to have the idea of financial stability of the company, together with the management of the company and what the company can achieve in the future. With these information, which are not present in any of the other two financial statements, the investors are able to make a wiser decision in making investments. Thus, the Cash Flow Statement is not bare(a) and is necessary for investment decision making. Reference Cash Flow from Investing Activities (n. d. ). In Investopedia. Retrieved March 23, 2013, from http//www. investopedia. om/terms/c/cashflowfinvestingactivities. asp Cash flow statement (n. d. ) . In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2013, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cash_flow_statement Chinweike, (2010, June 25). Uses and Benefits of Statement of Cash Flow. Retrieved http//www. accountantnextdoor. com/uses-and-benefits-of-statement-of-cash-flow/ FAO Corporate Document Repository (n. d. ). Chapter 3 Cash Flow Accounting. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http//www. fao. org/docrep/W4343E/w4343e04. htm Kestenbaum, D. , (2012, October 4). The Accountant who Changed the World.Retrieved March 28 2013, from http//www. npr. org/blogs/ funds/2012/10/04/162296423/the-accountant-who-changed-the-world King, Lembke, Smith,. (2001). Financial Accounting A Decision Making Approach (Second Edition). In The Cash Flow Statement and Decisions. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. Retrieved from http//www. wiley. com/college/bcs/0471238236/king/ch13. pdf Largay, J. A. Stickney, C. P. , (1980, July/August). Cash Flows, Ratios Analysis, and the W. T. Grant Company Bankruptcy. Financial Analysts Journ als. 51-54. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/discover/10. 2307/4478363? id=3738672uid=2129uid=2134uid=4579947027uid=2uid=70uid=3uid=4579947007uid=60sid=21102061346117 Peavler, R. , (n. d. ). Cash Flow Ratios- Calculate the Solvency, Liquidity, and Viability of your Firm Cash Flow Ratios that are most-valuable for Cash FlowAnalysis. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http//bizfinance. about. com/od/cashflowanalysis/tp/cash-flows-ratios. htm INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA KULIYYAH OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES ACC 4001 ACCOUNTING THEORY AND POLICY POSITION PAPER THE STATEMENT OF gold FLOW IS NOT REDUNDANT AND NECESSARY FOR INVESTOR DECISION MAKING

Perceived Risk, Market Risk, and Accounting Determined Risk Measures

Businesses exist and are run in a constantly changing surroundings whether it is external or internal and the change of necessity to be monitored and assessed in order to provide a timely response. In order to be proactive in todays competitive business scenario, the proper management of put on the lines associated with business and proposals undertaken becomes crucial for survival and advantage. Risk is therefore a threat to an validations ability to accomplish its missions and goals because it involves uncertainty about a future event. Risk management is an attempt to monitor & reduce the uncertainty with the help of strategies and techniques. there are four basic steps universally used in risk management1. Risk Identification on that point are controllable and intractable events associated with a business or a project. All the possibilities that may affect the outcome of a project should be listed down. This is a crucial step and requires managers to be vigilant, observant a nd pragmatic because further steps cannot be applied if a risk is not identified properly.2. Risk QuantificationRisk once identified needs to be assessed both in terms of its probability and the advert it could welcome on the project or business. The simple way of assessing the risk will be to rate its probability and impact on a scale of lets say 1-5 and multiply both.Risk assessment = probability x impactLets suppose if the probability of an uncertain event is rated 4 and its impact is rated 5 then the risk can be considered critical to the success of a business project. Similarly based on the ratings given and the product of the two values obtained, a risk can be considered critical, high, medium or low.3. Risk ResponseNow that the risk has been assessed, management must immediately act to put a strategy in place in its response. There are three basic strategies managers adopt that is avoidance, mitigation or acceptance. Management may adopt the strategy of avoiding a risk comp letely if its considered critical to a projects success for example a distribution channel might not work out for a product and so manger might cypher of adopting an alternative channel for distribution.Another strategy that management can pursue is of mitigation for example manager may make a decision to have two or more than distributors for their product. Lastly, if the risk is too low or normal with a project of your stature manager may accept its presence with the project. Strategy formulation is not enough until actions necessary to implement a strategy are not identified and so decision in this check should also be taken in this step.4. Risk Response ControlThe last step is of monitoring the risks identified and assessed as the project goes on process its completion. If any deviations are found in the process then corrective actions should be taken to redress the issues. An adaptive approach can help in this step because managers may need to bring about some or complete change in the strategy if the possible impact of a risk differs from one previously assessed.If the above-mentioned plan is followed and risk manger carries out proper analysis followed by action then success of a project and the business becomes more likely.The two major types of testingDevelopmental Test and military rank Operational Test and Evaluation Live Fire Test and Evaluation is a third type used in certain cases Implementation of Testing and evaluation is a promising step to revolutionize strategic goals in business achievements. Implementing test and evaluation management is to develop new assumptions for the positive approach and then re-considering it and implementing it to attain new goals that were never accomplished before (Shan, 1996). This is through to improve quality, production, reduce cost, thorough assessment and improve service. This would produce impressive work output with increased production in short time, to fulfill demands of the market, call forth cu stomer response and to decrease labor force.Implementing test and evaluation is done by increasing number of organizations and institutes to enhance their business performance. Different sectors of business friendship that are engaging Implementing are telecommunication services, hospitals, healthcare institutes, accounting services, financial institutes, order inventory and registration, automation of manufacturing, and food industries.Logistic support problems are culturally based. They focus on the culture and the environment of an organization. Every business should be customer focus. Entrepreneurs are selling to customers, so it is a basic fact that products should be made according to customers need. Hence, for developing business relations with any country an entrepreneurs must study, research and travel to that area to know more about people, their customs, their likes and dislikes. The more the entrepreneur will be familiar with the culture and the people, it is more likel y that their business will blossom in that country.All companies and organizations add up that excellent customer service is the key role in to assess trends in fluctuating market. It may also need to redesign completely the organisational structure that would reach customer, understand and identifying their needs. By using different assessment procedures customer relationship has to be improved with focus on customer requirements.

Bridge damage

Every year, many types of misadventures affect structures as a result of hydraulic action. In fact, hydraulic misuse is unpredictable, so protecting couplets from this type of damage is essential. Every year, a huge sum of money and a carve up of time are spent in repairing bridges because of hydraulic damages. In the past two decades, the quick deterioration of bridge structures has be comply a real technical and economical problem in a lot of countries especially in highly developed ones. A better way to prevent these spare expenditures is by protecting bridges from this type of damage through correct design and construction.The purpose of this study is to summarise information about hydraulic damage and identify various methods of bridge pier design and construction that competency help prevent hydraulic damage. The study also examined various causes of bridge failure due to hydraulic damage and tried to determine factors such as what would be the best shape for the bridge to avoid hydraulic damage, the most hard-hitting types of materials for constructing bridges, and the methods of construction most conducive to protecting bridge piers from this type of damage.The study aims to explain the factors that affect hydraulic damage resulting in bridge failure and come up with clear type methods to protect bridge piers from hydraulic damage. Generally, the loss of pier stability results more from the subsoil factors rather than burden factor. This section reassesses the types of failures that whitethorn happen to bridges as a result of Hydraulic action and it can be divided into five major categories, namely, Scouring, pious platitude Erosion, Hydraulic forces on piers, Failure due to frappe forces, and Failure due to debris.Scouring is one of the most common causes of hydraulic damage and it is estimated that nearly 60% of all failed bridges failed because of this. When the recreate of menstruuming water is more than it should be, it may reduce th e fare level by excavating and removing the bed materials and making round holes close to the piers that gradually cause bridge failure. Local scour removes bed material from around the piers and abutments, also at bridge piers. The effect is usually greatest near the upstream nose of the piers, which may lead to the pier being damaged first at the upstream end and thus sloping.Geometric parameters are important in the estimation of localised scour, including pointedness of flow contraction caused by the bridge restricting the flow area, and foundation geometry. The geometry of piers can be illustrated by the shape, length, width and alignment with the flow of individual piers. Bank erosion and channel migration are other factors several rivers tend to change their route with time. A bridge that is located to suit one localisation principle of the master(prenominal) channel may become progressively at risk to scour failure as the river changes.Abutments or piers fixed on the original floodplain, if not intentional to accommodate channel migration, may be undermined or otherwise weakened if this occurs. Protection repairs involving the placing of rock guard around bridge piers can reduce the flow area of the important span and direct to flow being diverted on the way to other channels. For example, a river with a sharp longitudinal side and high flowing velocity will be more prone to bank erosion than a flat slope river with low velocity.Flowing water (Hydraulic Force) applies force on bridge piers. One such force works alongside the route of flow, and is referred to as drag force. The other force is typically applied to the guardianship of flow, and is referred to as lift force. If the flow aligns with a pier and has a lift force equal to zero, the capacity of the pier to withstand lift and drag forces might be reduced during a flood if scouring also occurred around the base of the pier. Debris has an effect on hydraulic acts of bridge performance.D ebris can coiffure flow leading to significant scour levels around piers. Assembled debris can negatively impact the passageway under a bridge by change magnitude the hydraulic load on the bridge and this can also affect the hydrostatic forces which may cause structural failure. Ice can also chew the fat forces against structures due to its extension during freezing, but this appears improbable in the fluvial location. The impact of sheets of ice on the piers probably is the greater risk.Crushing is a common type of ice failure as it results in high forces or loads on a bridge pier. The main cause of bridges failure due to hydraulic damages is scour. Several methods are available to protect bridge piers from hydraulic damages, however the first step of pier design is estimating the depth of scour, but it is recommended that the boilers suit design should involve the calculation of afflux, depth of scour and various type of hydraulic loads. Scour protection measures should also b e considered during the designing process.Generally, the methods relevant to two the piers and the abutments can be classified into two most important groups, namely methods consisting of strengthening the subsoil and methods consisting of strengthening the foundations. Foundation of bridge piers on floodplains should be placed at the same depth as the piers foundation in the stream channel. Also, streamline pier shapes helps to reduce scour and minimise the potential of debris develop up. Many types of bed materials scour at different rates but loose granular soils have lower confrontation to scour.Scour in sand bed stream will be as deep as scour in cohesive or cemented soils. Scour will achieve its highest depth in sand and gravel bed materials in hours, cohesive material in days, limestone in years and dense granites in centuries. Massive rock configuration is highly anti-scour during the lifetime of a typical bridge. In different types of foundations, especially piled founda tions, using less significant number of long piles to extend bearing resistance will provide greater resistance to pile failure due to scour compared to shorter piles.The top of the pile cap should be placed at a depth below the existing river bed level and at the same level as estimated general scour depth. Stone aprons (Riprap) are situated around piers and abutments as a flexible way to avoid local scour development the specific parameter that should be considered here is using a large enough stone because it should remain stable under maximum velocities. Also, the stone should be located in a pre-excavated position beneath the bed of the river so the velocities are not increased by its existence.Constructing bridge piers deep enough to avoid this requires a riprap. This means that while increasing the depth of the piers and abutments foundation from the bed surface, it becomes more efficient in withstanding a high velocity of flood flow. other thing to be considered is supplyin g a passage that comes close to the profile so it will be overtopped before the submergence of the bridge superstructure. This is useful in reducing scour at the bridge piers. Another method of preventing hydraulic damage is through a process called Enlargements.Enlarging the base of piers may limit the depth of local scour. Additional protection method is positioned at the bridge pier foundation on floodplains and it should be at the same depth as the pier foundation in the stream channel because thither is uncertainty in predicting the level of scour. Using extreme limitations in foundation design if there is any likelihood that the channel will shift its location onto the floodplain over the life of the bridge is a good policy.There are many more types of bed and bank protection including gabions and gabion mattresses and proprietary systems of interlocking blocks, readjustment of a piers nosing shape and provision of piles of a smaller diameter than the width of the pier. The benefit of a stone protective diligence layer, roughly the nose of a pier, is easy to situate and it does not need any extensive dewatering or diversion work. However, it is not always cost effective The Oreti River Road Bridge is a two lane-bridge built in 1995. It holds Highway 99 crossways. It involves 20 spans of 12 m.with eight spans which are placed over the main channel and each pier was designed with two rows of six 7. 6 m. driven RC piles largest size of bed materials has been reduced by 100mm to 50mm at present. In 1975, scour occurred and four central piles in each group of 12 gone from 5 of the piers and survey shows that scour bed level was 1 to 5 m. below the scour depth that was predicted. To repair damage, they put protective rocks below the bridge with a top elevation of 1. 7 m. beneath the butt of pile caps and they built a rock weir about 60 m. downstream of the bridge.

Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 14

14. The Samurai of Jackson Street IIKatusumi Okata had lived among the gaijin for forty years. An American art dealer, traveling through Hokkaido in attend of woodblock prints from the Edo period, had come into Katusumis fathers createshop, seen the boys prints, and offe reddened to bring Okata to San Francisco to create prints for his g aloneery on Jackson Street. The printmaker had lived in this same basement apartment since. Hed once had a wife, Yuriko, however she had been killed in front of him on the street when he was twenty-three, so now he lived alone.The apartment had a concrete floor c all overed by dickens grass mats, a table that held his printmaking tools, a deuce-burner stove, an electric kettle, his swords, a futon, three preparations of clothes, an old phonograph, and now, a burned-up w fringee woman. She really didnt go with anything else, no matter how he arranged her.He thought he might make a series of prints of her-her blackened, skeletal form posed ab knoc ked reveal(p) the apartment ilk nearly demon wraith from a Shinto nightm be, exactly the composition wasnt working. He walked up to Chinatown and bought a bouquet of red tulips and put them on the futon be berth her, but regular with the added color and design element, the picture wasnt working. And she was making his futon smell like burned hair.Okata was non used to company, and he wasnt sure how to keep up his end of the conversation. He had once made friends with two rats who came out of a hole in the brick wall. He had talked to them and fed them on the condition that they not bring any friends, but they hadnt listened and he was forced to mortar up the hole. He figured they didnt speak Japanese.To be fair, however, she wasnt doing very well holding up her side of the conversation, either-lying there like a bog person dipped in creosote, her mouth open as if in a scream of agony. He sat on a stool next to the futon with his sketch pad and a pencil and began to sketch her for a print. He had very much admired the great cape of red curls that streamed out behind her when hed seen her on the street, and he was sorry that all but a few strands had burned away in the sun. A shame. Perhaps he could draw the red curls in anyway. Make them swirl around the blackened rictus like one of Hokusais waves.He knew what she was, of course. He was still healing from his encounter with the vampire cats, and it took no little bit of sketching to fill in the details, especially as her fangs were pointing prominently at his ceiling duty now and they were far too dogged and sharp to be those of a normal burned-up white girl. He filled three pages with sketches, experimenting with angles and composition, but on the fourth page he found that a sadness had overcome him that he could not chase away with the moment created in making a drawing.Katusumi retrieved his wakizashi short sword from the stand on his work table, unsheathed it, and knelt by the futon. He bowed deeply , whence put the point of the sword on the pad of his left thumb and cut. He held his thumb over her open mouth and the dark blood dripped over her teeth and lips.Would she be like the cats? Savage? A monster? He held the razor-edged wakizashi ready in his right mountain, should a demon awake. But if hed been able to raise his beloved Yuriko, even as a demon, wouldnt he have? All the years that had passed, kendo training, drawing, carving, meditating, walking the streets unafraid, alone, hadnt they all been about that? About making Yuriko live? Or not living without her?When the burned-up girl jerked with a great, rasping intake of breath, cinders cracked off her ribs and peppered the yellow futon and body of water began to flow from the swordsmans eyes.RIVERA AND CAVUTO Marvin the cadaver dog took them to the Wine Country. There they found Bummer and Lazarus, the Emperors dogs, guarding a Dumpster in an alley behind an abandoned building. Marvin pawed the Dumpster, and tried to stay on delegate slice the Boston terrier sniffed his junk and the golden retriever regarded around, a little embarrassed.Nick Cavuto held the lid, ready to lift it. Maybe we should call the Wong kid and see if our sunlight jackets are done, then open it.Its daylight, said Rivera. Even if there are, uh, creatures in there, theyll be immobile. Rivera still had a very difficult time saying the word vampires out loud. Marvin says theres a body in there, we need to look.Cavuto shrugged, lifted the lid of the Dumpster and braced himself for a wave of rotten meat smell, but there was none.Empty.Bummer barked. Marvin pawed at the side of the Dumpster. Lazarus chuffed, which was dog for, Duh. Look behind it.Rivera looked in. Other than a couple of broken wine bottles and the rice part of a taco combo plate, there was postal code in the Dumpster, yet Marvin still pawed at the steel, which was the signal he had been trained to institute when hed found a corpse.Maybe we should give Marvin a biscuit to fix him or something, said Rivera.No corpse, no biscuit, thats the rule, said Cavuto. We all have to live by it.At the mention of a biscuit both Bummer and Marvin stop what they were doing, sat, looked dutiful and contrite, and gave Rivera the I need and deeply deserve a biscuit look. Frustrated with what biscuit whores his cohorts were, Lazarus went to the side of the Dumpster and started pawing the space between it and the wall, then tried to pig out his muzzle in behind it.Cavuto shrugged, pulled on a pair of form-fitting mechanics gloves from his jacket pocket, and pulled the cement blocks from under the Dumpsters wheels. Rivera watched in horror as the realization hit that he was probably red to guide Dumpster schmutz, or worse, on his expensive Italian suit.Man up, Rivera, Cavuto said. Theres police work to be done.Shouldnt we call some uniforms in to do it? I mean, were detectives.Cavuto stood up and looked at his partner. You really believe the movies when J ames Bond kills thirty guys hand to hand, blows up the secret lair, gets set on fire, then escapes under water and his tux doesnt even get wrinkled, dont you?You cant just buy one of those off the rack, Rivera said. Its a high-tech fabric.Just give me a hand with this thing, would you?Once the Dumpster was in the middle of the alley, the three dogs more or less dogpiled in front of the boarded-up window, Marvin doing his highly trained, Theres a dead guy in here, give me a biscuit paw scrape, Bummer barking like he was announcing the big sale event down at Yap-mart and everything had to go, and Lazarus rolling out a long, doleful howl. in all probability in there, said Cavuto.Ya think? said Rivera.Cavuto was able to work his fingers between the sheet of plywood and the window frame and pulled it out. Before he could even set it aside Bummer had leapt through the window into the darkness. Lazarus pawed the windowsill, then leapt after his companion. Marvin, the cadaver dog, backed aw ay, then ruffed twice and tossed his head, which translated to, No, Im good, you guys go ahead, just give me my biscuit. Ill be over here-well, would you look at that-those balls definitely need some tongue attention. No, its okay, go on without me.Marvin had a nose that could distinguish as many different odors as the gentlemans gentleman eye could colors, in the range of sixteen million distinct scents. Unfortunately, his doggie brain had a much more limited vocabulary for giving ready to those scents and he processed what he smelled as dead cats, many, dead humans, many, dead rats, many, poo and wee, many flavors, none fresh, and old guy who needs a shower none of which would have given him pause. The smell that he couldnt file, that he didnt have a response for, that stopped him at the window, was a new one dead, but not dead. Undead. It was scary, and licking his balls calmed him and kept his mind off the biscuit that they owed him.Rivera shone his flashlight around the room. The basement appeared empty but for piles of debris and a thick mould of dust and ash over the floor, textured with the paw prints of hundreds of cats. He could see the movement of Bummer and Lazarus just at the edge of the flashlights beam. They were scratching at a alloy room access.Well need the crowbar out of the car, said Rivera.Youre going in there? asked Cavuto. In that suit?Rivera nodded. Theres something down there, one of us has to.Youre a goddamn hero, Rivera, thats what you are. A real, dyed in the worsted wool and silk blend hero.Yeah, theres that, and you cant fit through the window.Can too, said Cavuto.Five minutes later they were both standing in the middle of the basement, fanning their Surefire ballistic flashlights through the dust like they were wielding silent light sabers. Rivera led the way to the steel door that the hounds were going at as if psyche had duct taped it to a fox.You guys, shut up Rivera snapped, and much to his surprise, Bummer and Lazarus f ell silent and sat.Rivera looked back at his partner. Thats spooky.Yeah, and praise Willie Mays thats the except spooky thing going on here. Cavuto was a deeply religious San Francisco Giants fan and genuflected whenever he passed the bronze statue of Willie Mays outside the ball park.Good point, said Rivera. He tried the door, which didnt budge, but it was authorise from the arc plowed into the dust and ashes that it had been opened recently. Crowbar, he said, reaching back.Cavuto handed him the crowbar and at the same time drew his gun from his shoulder holster, a ridiculously large Desert Eagle.50-caliber automatic.When did you start carrying that thing again?Right after you said the v-word out loud at Sacred Heart.It wont stop them, you know.It makes me quality better. You want to hold it while I pry the door?If theres a-one of them-in there, theyll be dormant or whatever you call it. Its daytime, they cant attack.Yeah, well, just in case they didnt get the memo.I got it. Riv era fit the crowbar in the door jamb and threw his weight against it. On the third push, something snapped and the door scraped open an inch. Bummer and Lazarus were up instantly, with their noses in the gap. Rivera looked back at Cavuto, who nodded, and Rivera pulled the door open and stepped away.A pile of shelving and junk blocked the doorway, but Bummer and Lazarus were able to thread their way through it and were in the room, barking in frantic, desperate yelps. Through a gap in the junk, Rivera played the beam of his flashlight around the small storeroom, over barrel, shelving, and piles of dusty clothing.Clear, he said.Cavuto joined him in the doorway. Clear, my ass. The big pinpoint kicked his way through the barricade, holding his flashlight high in one hand and the Desert Eagle trained on a row of barrels on the right side of the room, where Bummer and Lazarus were currently indulging a hurricane-level doggie freakout.Rivera followed his partner into the room, then approa ched the barrels while Cavuto covered him. Beyond the barking, he perceive a faint metal tapping coming from one of the barrels. The barrel was upside-down and had held some kind of solid, the label said something about water-filtering mineral. It was sitting on its lid, which was only partially crimped on.Somethings in there.Plug your ears, said Cavuto, cocking the hammer on the Desert Eagle, and aiming for the center of the barrel.Are you high? You cant fire that thing in here.Well theres cant and theres shouldnt. I probably shouldnt fire it.Cover me, Im pushing it over.Before Cavuto could answer Rivera grabbed the edge of the barrel and shoved with all his might. It was heavy, and fell hard. Bummer and Lazarus rocketed around to the exposed lid and were pawing at it. constitute? said Rivera.Go, said Cavuto.Rivera kicked the edge of the lid and it clanked off, then landed with a dull thud in the thick dust on the floor. Bummer rocketed inside while Lazarus frisked back and forth outside.Rivera drew his weapon and moved to where he could look into the barrel. He was met first by a gray storm of hair, then two crystal blue eyes set in a wide, weathered face.Well that was unpleasant, said the Emperor, around the sloppy bath of dog spit he was receiving from Bummer.Ill bet, said Rivera, lowering his weapon.I may require some assistance extricating myself from this container.We can do that, said Cavuto. Cavuto was fighting back a very expectant case of the empathy willies, imagining himself spending a night, maybe longer, upside-down, shoved inside a barrel. He and the Emperor were about the same size. You in pain?Oh no, thank you, I scattered the feeling in my arms and legs quite some time ago.Im guessing you didnt get in there on your own, did you? said Rivera.No, this was not my doing, said the Emperor. I was roughly handled, but it appears to have saved my life. There wasnt enough room in the barrel for any of them to become solid. There were hundreds of t he fiends around me. But you power saw them as you came in, Im sure.Rivera shook his head. You mean the cats? No, there are tracks everywhere, but the place is empty.Well thats not good, said the Emperor.No, its not. Rivera was distracted. Hed been playing his flashlight beam around the room, sounding for something to help them get the Emperor out of the barrel. He stopped the beam on a spot by the shelves where the dust hadnt been stirred by their have efforts. There, as clearly as if it had been made in plaster of Paris to send home for Mothers Day, was a single human footprint. Thats not good at all, he said.From outside the window Marvin barked three times quickly, which Rivera thought was a warning, but translated from dog to Hey, can I get a friggin biscuit out here, or what?

Definition of Data Warehousing Essay

Search any resource (Books, Web Sites, Papers, etc.) to find three definitions for Data Warehousing. Include the small information (Title, authors and the source of the definitions. For exampleData warehousing is a collection of decision support technologies, aimed at enabling the knowledge worker (executive, manager, analyst) to make discover and faster decisions. An overview of info warehousing and OLAP technology by S Chaudhuri, U Dayal, from ACM Sigmod record, Volume 26 , Issue 1 (March 1997) Pages 65 74.1. A data store is an integrated and time varying collection of data derived from operational data and primarily used in strategic decision make by mean of online analytical processing (OLAP) techniques. from Conceptual data warehouse design by B. Husemann, J. Lichtenberger, and G. Vossen. Page 1.2. A galactic data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all enterprise business processes and departments, and about the enterprise taken as a whole. A business process-oriented data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all business processes and their interactions with one another and the external world. A department-oriented data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all departments, and their interactions with one another and with the external world. From DKMS Brief No. cardinal Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Warehousing New Definitions and New Conceptions by Joseph M.Firestone.3. Physically, a data warehouse system consists of databases (source databases, materialized views in the data warehouse), data delight agents that ship data from one database to another, and a repository which stores meta d ata about the system and its evolution. From Architecture and Quality in Data warehouses An Extended Repository near by M. Jarke, M. A. Jeusfeld, C. Quix, and P. Vassiliadis.Provide a brief summary to compare the three definitions that youve found. Tell me which one is your favorite and why?The first definition explains the components of a data warehouse and also its functionality in a general way. The second definition explains the function of a data warehouse and its components specific to each kind of a data warehouse like decision making with respect to a business module. The third definition explains the components of a data warehouse but does not specify the functionality of a data warehouse. I prefer the second definition over the other two definitions.

Africa&Egypt Essay

Africa is one of the richest continents when it comes to spectacular experiences with nature. nowhere in the world brook one encounter the abundance and variety of wildlife. Africa also delivers a overplus of ecosystems, geographical features and amazing wilderness experiences. Whether it is deserts, rivers, lakes, mountains, jungles, waterfalls, etc. Africa GeographyThe continent of Africa borders the southern half of the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlantic Ocean is to the west and the Indian Ocean is to the Southeast. Africa stretches well south of the equator to cover more than 12 billion squargon miles making Africa the worlds sulphur largest continent. Africa is also the worlds second near populous continent. Africa is one of the most diverse places on the planet with a wide variety of terrain, wildlife, and climates. It is the second largest and second most populous continent. Major CitiesThe highest point in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania at 5895 meters high. The lo west point is Lake Asal in Djibouti at 153 meters below sea level. The largest country in Africa is Sudan, the smallest is The Seychelles.The most populate country is Nigeria and the largest city is Cairo in Egypt. The largest lake in Africa is Lake Victoria and thelongest river is The Nile River, which is also the longest river in the world. Africa is rich with varied wildlife including elephants, penguins, lions, cheetahs, seals, giraffes, gorillas, crocodiles, and hippos. African languages are varied with more than 1000 languages spoken across the continent. The Suez groove divides Africa from Europe.The Sahara DesertThe Sahara is larger than the US. Temperatures can reach as high as 130 and some areas go 10 years without rain. A few areas ingest patronisees that can support animals. For thousands of years quite a little have carried goods and ideas across the Sahara. The Kalahari DesertThe Kalahari is not as dry as the Sahara. Grasses and wild melon grow and animals are able to graze.The Namib DesertThe Namib Desert is one of the driest places on Earth. Trees and get water from mists that drift from the Ocean. Still animals and people find ways to survive in this area. Desertification Turning semi desert land into desertDesertification can happen by natural actions drought or by human actions such as gash down forest for cooking fuel or to make farmland, overgrazing of shrubs and grasses by cattle and goats. With no grass or tree roots, the topsoil blows away and the desert advances. Natural ResourcesThe most abundant natural resources in Africa are gold, diamonds, copper, cobalt, and oil. However, the distribution of resources is uneven causing wealth in some counties and poverty in others.

My Left Foot Review Essay

My Left Foot Film Review My Left foot is the veritable story of a young boy called Christy Brown, played by Hugh OConnor and Daniel Day-Lewis, Christy is born into a low-down working course family in Dublin, Ireland, with a physically disabling condition known as cerebral palsy. Considered a vegetable and using his only functional limb(his left foot) Christy becomes a very successful generator and artist with the help of his strong willed mother and teacher.I personally really enjoyed this ? lm, I liked the musical mode it was set in Ireland during a time where religion ruled society. Almost every family in Ireland had their lives comport in the way of the church, the cardinal sins were almost like laws, and were obeyed correct than real laws. We see this when christys mother ? nds the un-godly mag under Christy in his wheel barrow. Society was set in stone and nobody tried to better themselves.The sons and daughters of every family followed in their fathers or mothers foots teps. Everybody had their place in society the upper class lived to work, so as to make themselves richer and richer where as the lower class worked to live, so they could get by in life. Christy however was an acception to this, he bettered him self in society by becoming an achieved artist and writer, and this allowed him to break the tender and become something nobody imagination he could ever be.I found my Left Foot instead inspiring because of Christys achievements, it shows that theres always a way to be something that you want to be even if the odds arent in your favor It also shows that if someone beleves in you, you can go very far in life, just like christys mother beleived in him when nobody else did. I loved Daniel Day-Lewis in this movie because of his undischarged interpretation of the disease cerebral palsy, as you can imagine playing the role of a handicap man must have been quite challenging but Lewis managed to pull it off.My only dislike round the ? lm is th at I felt it was a ? lm that I could only watch once, because the ? lm deals with such a serious matter I feel that its not something Id want to view again. I thought the setting, along with the costumes and props were very accurate in picturing life in the 1930s and 40s, the houses and neighbour-hood was exactly what you would expect it to be like as well as the opinion and beleifs of the community.

Leadership skills in student-athletes

Leadership Skills in Student-AthletesIntroductionHarmonizing to TimTebowFans.org ( 2007 ) , Tim Tebow is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the recite s authorize-rated intercommunicate c tout ensembleers who is vie in his last(a) twelvemonth at the University of Florida. Born in the Philippines to p bents who served as Christian missionaries during the summer months, Tebow was the intersection of a profoundly spiritual home civilise environment. When the Tebow ho persona take away lived in the United States they made their place in Florida and go on to homeschool their kids. At the clip Tim was of high school age, the province of Florida passed statute law which enabled homeschooled kids to take part in high school interschool sports at their territory school of abode. Tim took advantage of the jurisprudence and contend verge backer and tight terminal for Trinity Christian in Jacksonville for one twelvemonth. Since Trinity Christian did non go with the ball much, and Tebow w anted to play signal companionship, both(prenominal) he and his female parent locomote to an flat in anformer(a) town. This made Tim eligible to play at the high school of his pick. It was at Nease High School in St. Johns County, Florida that Tebow made a name for himself. As a senior, the 63 , 225 pound signal caller led Nease High School to the province football title. In his term of office at Nease High School, Tebow earned multiple awards including be named to the Florida All-State Team and Parade s All-Ameri domiciliate Team. In his high school name, Tebow finished with 9,800 passing paces, 3,186 rushing paces, 95 passing touchdowns, and 62 rushing touchdowns. He was besides the attri onlye participant in the nationally televised U.S. Army All-American Bowl Game.Tebow, one of the top high school run acrosss in the state, was extremely recruited by many successful and high profile colleges and universities. He was really near to subscribing with the University of Alaba ma, but, in the terminal Tebow signed with the University of Florida because he preferred their manner of discourtesy ( TimTebowFans.org, 2007 ) .While playacting at the University of Florida, Tebow played really solid, rapidly going one of the state s premier signal callers. Harmonizing to University Athletic draw ( 2009 ) , Tebow s collegial awards while playing football are esteemed and legion and include just-natured the Heisman Trophy, the Sullivan Award, the Davey OBrien Award, and the Maxwell Award. In 2007, Tebow was named an All-American, the first sophomore in Florida Gator history to make so. Besides in 2007, Tebow as the first University of Florida participant to be named to the first-team Academic All-American Team in over a decennary. Finally, Tebow was the second participant in the history of collegiate football to reiterate as Maxwell Award victor, well-natured it in 2007 and 2008. On the playing expanse, Tebow is the lone participant in NCAA history to hotfo ot and go finished for at least 20 touchdowns in a season. Tebow has thrown for over 8,500 paces and 85 touchdowns in his collegiate calling, while holding besides gained over 2,850 paces on the land with 56 hotfooting touchdowns, both school records by a Florida signal caller. Tebow is besides the lone signal caller in school history to hold rushed for light speed paces in five granulars ( South Carolina 2007, Ole Miss 2007, Oklahoma, 2008, Kentucky 2009, Florida International 2009 ) ( ESPN, com, 2009 Comcast.com Sports, 2009 ) .Leadership SkillsAs signal caller for one of the top graded squads in college football, Tebow has video displayed leading accomplishments 2nd to none. What is it that makes Tim Tebow a successful leader in the venue of major college football? What diverseiates Tim Tebow from the many other highly-skilled signal callers viing in the National Collegiate Athletic standoff ( NCAA ) ? Is it his difficult work or his ability to both run and pass the ball? Is it his actuating spoken language and feats or his enormous passion for the game? These are all qualities that can be found in many successful jocks at the collegiate degree. What does separate Tim Tebow from all the other highly-skilled jocks in NCAA college football are the values he espouses and his enormous leading accomplishments. The most notable qualities that Tim Tebow shows are his love of truth and his idolatry to divinity. Everything in Tim Tebow s life is a contemplation of his strong trust and on-going trust in God.Harmonizing to sportsman like ( 2009 ) , a practised leader shows seven specific qualities including an model character, an on-going committal to excellence, assurance, take toing the whole ascertain and the parts that make it map right, enthusiasm slightly one s work and the specific ferment that is played, order and intent in hard times, and a cool demeanourThe first quality of a good leader is the presentation of an model character ( White, 2009 ) . This demands the leader lead a life a virtuousness, being trusty, honest, and exposing unity in all aspects of life. The good leader earns the right to the single-valued function of duty by walking the talk ( White, parity. 4 ) . Dirocco ( 2009 ) provincesWhat Tebow has done off from football in his four seasons at Florida, n constantlytheless, is notwithstanding every bit important. His mission and charity work, his Christian religion, his work with kids and his ability to briefly touch a life yet leave a permanent impact besides are a gift that Tebow cherishes more and one that will break beyond touchdowns and triumphs. ( parity. 6 )Tom Rogeberg, the executive frailty death chair for communications and selling for the Fellowship of Christian Athletes notes the followers about TebowIn the annals of Doak Walker and other great college football participants, Heisman-winning participants, he stands out as holding made his grade on the field, but off the field he conti nues to impact people. . . He s accessible by anyone other jocks, callow kids, aged grandparents, non-sports figures. He solely gives them a great trade of attending and his clip. What he has done with captives and what he has done with orphans and the infirmary visits he makes, it is difficult to conceive of that anyone is like that. . . He s an model function theoretic account. ( as cited in Dirocco, 2009, parity. 7-8 )Tebow s male parent give chase is a devout Christian who runs his ain evangelistic association. Tim joins his male parent each summer as they travel to the Philippines distributing the Gospel and on the job(p) in an orphanhood. While at that place, Tebow preaches, Teachs, helps give medical attention, and helps with the necessary day-to-day jobs. When in the United States, Tebow actively speaks at prisons, schools, churches, and young person groups. Tebow does non force faith at people. His primary end is to witness to others what God has done for him, and them applyfully it will animate others to make the same. Tebow saysHow you are travel to act upon person is they see something in you that is different or seems peculiar(a). . . They see something in you that they think, Wow, that s truly cool. I m traveling to look into that, or possibly, He s nice about this. He goes about this a different manner, and so they ll look into it. But it s non because I m coercing anything upon anyone. I try to do religion a portion of my life, merely like it is. And I will never deny or draw it. But I will ever hold it as a portion of my life. . . I hope that people can see it impact my life and how I am so passionate about it, and that s the biggest consequence I hope that people see. ( as cited in Dirocco, 2009, parity. 12-13 )Tim Tebow walks the talk as manifest by his admittance at the SEC media event last July that he patterns abstention and is salvaging himself for matrimony. Rogeberg remarks on Tebow s wanting to stay pureI hope it makes him a function theoretical account. . . If person with that panorama for celebrity and so extremely recognized wants to maintain himself pure, so he hopes people will need , Is that non something that I should pattern, every bit good as his other properties, his work ethic, his fight, his desire to win, and to care for his original structure the manner he has? That s portion of what he s making by staying pure. ( as cited in Dirocco, 2009, parity. 21-22 )Tebow has a particular topographic point in his bosom for childs who are enduring from unwellness. though unpublicized, he frequently takes clip to see with ill childs on his ain or with the Goodwill Gators makeup at the university. He is besides involved with the Make-A-Wish Foundation. Tebow notesBing with childs, being with ill childs, doing them smile, I think those memories will probable be even more particular to me than some of the games and some of the wins and the titles and what non. . . Because you know what? At the terminal of the two dozen hours, that is more particular, being able to utilize football as a platform to do a child smiling, to do a child s twenty-four hours. . . That child, that s his life. It s his chance or his Make-A-Wish to see me or to speak to me before a game. That s a batch more particular than even winning a game. When you put all the flashiness and glamour aside, that s what s truly particular. ( as cited in Dirocco, 2009, parity. 24-25 )Leaderships inspire others to acquire involved, and this is precisely what Tim Tebow has done for those around him. In fact, both participants and managers in addition have responded to Tebow s charitable Acts of the Apostless by making charitable Acts of the Apostless themselves. Florida caput manager Urban Meyer, his unify woman, and their three kids traveled to the Dominican Republic in July 2008 with a mission group and helped feed 100 households each twenty-four hours. Their trip besides entailed visits to an all-girls o rphanhood and a leper settlement ( Dirocca, 2009, parity. 26 ) .The common denominator is that Tim Tebow is a adult male of great character and religion. It is this strong character and religion that have propelled him to be a leader who is non afraid to learn and prophesy what is good and true on the football field and to use that goodness and truth to life.White ( 2009 ) states the 2nd quality of a good leader is holding an on-going committedness to excellence. This signifies that the individual strives to be the best that he or she can perchance be in all fortunes. It is obvious that Tim Tebow is first-class at what he does both on and off the playing field. His off the field engagement in charitable causes speaks for itself. His accomplishment awards for being an first-class student-athlete along with presentnstrating that he is one of the top participants in college football besides speaks volumes for Tebow s committedness to excellence.Harmonizing to White ( 2009 ) , the 3rd quality of a good leader is assurance. Assurance is a powerful property because assurance strains more assurance. Assurance helps actuate and pouffe out the best in people. After the Gators lost a close game to Ole Miss last season, Tebow displayed great assurance and inspiration during his The Promise address at the postgame interview. Tebow foremost apologized to all the Florida fans for the loss and so confidently statedI merely want to state one thing. . . to the fans and everybody in Gator Nation, um quiescence you know what intermission , I m regretful. I m highly regretful. We were trusting for an undefeated season. That was my end, something Florida s neer done here. But I promise you one thing A batch of good will come out of this. You have neer seen any participant in the full state drama every bit difficult as I will play the eternal sleep of this season, and you ll neer see person force the remainder of the squad every bit difficult as I will force everybody the remainder of this season, and you ll neer see a squad drama harder than we will the remainder of this season. God bless. ( as cited in Dirocco, 2009, parity. 33-34 )A 4th quality of a good leader is being able to see the whole ambit and the specific parts that make it map right ( White, 2009 ) . It is like reading a roadmap, observing all the halting points along the manner to the concluding finish. Tim Tebow sees the large image as evidenced by his committedness to others, his instruction, and his football calling. So many student-athletes live merely from game to game, infinitely prosecuting celebrity and pleasance merely to hold small or nil when their gymnastic calling all said and done. Tebow is puting in his present and future by traveling about his life in a manner that is fixing him good for household and calling.White ( 2009 ) asserts the 5th quality of a good leader is enthusiasm about work and enthusiasm for one s function played in the work environment. Enthusiasm is contagious. The leader who exhibits reliable enthusiasm will actuate and animate, taking to positive action toward a common end. A good leader besides holds a vision, a vision that can be explained, shared, and enthusiastically sold so that all involved are in integrity and harmoniousness. formerly once more, Tebow s enthusiasm and passion can be readily observed in both the reality and private sectors. His passion for life is evidenced by his love for God and others, along with his hobbyhorse for flawlessness on the playing field. Harmonizing to Beard ( 2006 ) On the field, Tebow runs the gamut from fiery to positive encourager depending on the state of affairs. He s non afraid to acquire in the face of a teammate but if he admonishes a teammate for a error it is ever followed by words of encouragement and a smack on the shoulder. ( p. 8 )A 6th quality of a good leader is being able to demo order and intent in hard times ( White, 2009 ) . This is the clip for those who follow to be shown reassurance and security through a leader s confident and positive demeanour. Tim Tebow has non seen excessively many hard times on the playing field, but when he does endure licking he can turn the circumstance into an chance to better and go even better. His address after the Old Miss loss is proof of this.The concluding quality of a good leader is exposing a unagitated demeanour in the face of challenges that hook ( White, 2009 ) . Tim Tebow is noted for his cool temperament, particularly during ambitious fortunes. He sees the potency in state of affairss where others lose hope. He understands that challenges will come and travel, and that he must remain true to the values he espouses until the game is over. When playing in the US Army High School All American game, Tebow stood above the remainder in exposing a superior quality of leading. What made that so astonishing was the quiet and unnoticeable manner that he took bid. There was nil objectionable about it. It was natural and his teammates automatically followed without reserve ( Beard, 2006, parity. 4 ) .DecisionTim Tebow embraces the challenge of being a leader. In Beard ( 2006 ) , Tebow states the followersMy parents ever told me that I had a pick. I can every be a follower or I can be a leader. I ve ever been encouraged to be a leader but most of it comes of course. I think it s a God-given ability and I m truly grateful for it. ( parity. 5 )Tim s male parent Bob Tebow maintains that Tim has ever had leading qualities. In fact, Ever since he was a small cat, childs have merely gravitated to him. wherever he is, childs merely follow him ( as cited in Beard, 2006, parity. 7 ) . Carl Johnson, violative lineman for the Florida Gators says We ll follow Tim anyplace. He s a great leader, a great individual and a great signal caller ( as cited in Beard, 2006, parity. 12 ) .Tim Tebow is a leader who lives a life of virtuousness based on values such as difficult work, answerability, strong b elief, excellence, religion, goodness, honestness, regard, and teamwork. This, along with his love for God and hunt for truth, necessarily to be promoted and encouraged, particularly during times when the shallow chase of prestigiousness, power, and money has been made the precedence in the lives of so many.Harmonizing to University Athletic standstill ( 2003 ) , the Mission Statement for the University of Florida Athletic Department is as followsThe University Athletic association, Inc. exists to progress the University of Florida s instruction, research and service missions. Through the instruction and the publicity of the wellness and public assistance of pupils, the University Athletic Association seeks to associate experiences of all backgrounds, races, beginnings, genders, and civilizations to fix coevalss of pupils and staff, including adult females and minorities, to be productive members of society. The character of the sports plans at the University Athletic Association reflects the character of the University of Florida as a major, public, comprehensive establishment of higher acquisition. The University Athletic Association is dedicated to the rational, natural and personal development of student-athletes, every bit good as staff, including adult females and minorities. Showing leading in all determinations impacting college sports, the University Athletic Association will move in an ethical and honest mode, will feeler an environment furthering the professional and personal accomplishment of managers, decision makers and staff, will achieve excellence in athletic public presentation, sportsmanship, fiscal strength, and superior fan satisfaction. This vision in sports is at the nucleus of our duty to the University, to our pupils, and to the populace at big. ( para. 1-2 )Student-athletes such as Tim Tebow are a perfect tantrum for the mission of the University of Florida Athletic Program. His depiction of excellence in faculty members and spo rts, and his societal outreach to assist those who are less fortunate is a theoretical account for all student-athletes to emulate. His quiet but strong leading accomplishments combined with personal qualities of honestness and good moralss makes Tim Tebow an outstanding student-athlete. It is the end of all collegial athletic plans to happen and enroll student-athletes such as Tim Tebow who display sound character and lead by word and illustration. When student-athlete recruits fall short and do non exhibit moralss and leading, they non merely ache themselves, they hurt the athletic section and the university as a whole.

Gothic Cathedrals Essay

gothic architecture flourished during the chivalrous times or Middle Ages. It evolves from the Romanesque style of architecture. The best example of gothic architecture argon the Gothic Cathedrals, specific each(prenominal)y the La Sainte-Chapelle Cathedral in France and the Salisbury Cathedral in England. This paper will handle the main and identifiable features of Gothic Cathedrals and explore the changes and evolution in floor plans and sculptural program of the push throughside(prenominal) of the church from a stylistic and conceptual point of view.It will also explain how Christian theologys needs and preoccupations changed overtime by apply the buildings of La Sainte-Chapelle Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral. II. Identifiable features pointed arch, truehearted stilltresses and rib vaulting The three most noticeable characteristic of Gothic Cathedrals are its height (tall), roominess and good ventilation ( stir up). This is made possible by the development of new sty le technology, the pointed arch, flying buttresses and the ribbed vaulting.Prior to the use of pointed arch, the roofs of churches in the olden times were supported with a rounded arch. However, architects discovered that with a pointed arch, they can build taller buildings. With a higher building came a new type of buttress that takes safekeeping of the weight of the roof by supporting the walls from the outside by leaning arches called flying buttresses which are usually placed one above the other. As a result walls could be made taller and less massive, alter a wide expanse of wall piazza for stained-glass windows.Meanwhile, the idea of ribbed vaulting also becomes popular. instead of the groin vault of the Romanesque period, the Gothic architects discovered that ribs (diagonal arches) could be make that would support the entire weight of the roof. The space between the ribs could then be filled in with lighter material (Dudley & Faricy, 1973, p. 291-295 Perry, 1988, p. 189 ). With the adoption of these three expert styles, the Gothic cathedrals as compared to the somber, dark churches that preceded it are much higher, lighter and to a greater extent spacious making it more inviting for the Christians.On the other hand, the concept of allowing more light inside the church is derived from the concept that God is at large(p). As much as possible partitions in the floor plans were removed so that a dazzling light will emanate from the choir toward the congregation. Moreover, the concept of building tall churches with tall towers and spires conveys the idea of the supremacy and wideness of Christian religion in a persons life especially that it towers above all other buildings surrounding it.Such are the qualities and impression that La Sainte-Chapelle Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral projects. some(prenominal) two cathedrals still uses the cross floor plans, the Salisbury cathedral, however, though it contained two transepts, is much simpler than the La Sainte-Chapelle which was built upon the order of the fashionable French monarch, Louise IX. La Sainte-Chapelle is elaborately decorated, the elaborate ornamentation conveying the idea of the wealth of the church and hence the prosperity of the Kingdom (Scott, 2003, p. 21-23 Vauchez, 2000, p. 1228).II. Reflection of Christian needs and Preoccupation of the Middle Ages The Gothic cathedrals, although took many years (even centuries) to build, first began to be created during the Middle ages, a time characterized by feudal wars ,famine and epidemics. In spite of these unfavorable conditions, the Christians took the effort to make a big church, as an expression of their Christian devotion. genius notable feature of Gothic stained glass windows, as seen in the two cathedrals, are the paintings of scriptural characters. The primary purpose why they paint them all over the walls is so that the illiterate could picture out what was written in the Bible (Perry, 1988, 189). Le Sainte-Cha pelle, howvere, housed important Christian relics collected by Louise IX signifying the preoccupations of the abundant Christian monarchs with anything regarding Christianity.The facade of Gothic cathedrals are also elaborately decorated using sculptured world figures ( saints ,kings and peasant life) as the main features, illustrating their growing interest in humanism ideas ( human life and accomplishments) as it replace the usual carvings of animals, fruits and other figures. The story of Christ, specifically his incarnation, decorate the entrance of the church, urging whoever will kick in homage or pilgrimage to the church not to admire its gold or cost but to focus their attention to Christ ( Dudley, 1974, p. 291 Scott, 2003, pp. 47-48) .II. Conclusion Gothic Cathedrals, like the Salisbury Cathedral and La Sainte-Chapelle, are the best representative of Gothic art. The knowledge of new style of architectural technology by using a pointed arch, flying buttresses and ribbed va ulting paved the way for a taller , more spacious and lit or ventilated churches. It erased therefore the somber, gloomy aura of the Romanesque churches, and the new concept of God as Light and Supreme was successfully incorporated into the church structure.In spite of the presence of wars, famines and epidemics, this ambitious project was embarked on, signifying the Christian devotion of the people of the Medieval era.Works CitedDudley, Louise and Austin Faricy. The Humanities, 5th edition. spick-and-span York McGraw-Hill Company, 1973. Perry, Marvin. A History of the World. wise York Houghton-Mifflin, Inc, 1988. Scott, Robert A. The Gothic Enterprise A Guide to Understanding the Medieval Cathedral. Berkeley University of California Press, 2003. Vauchez, Andre, and et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. New York Routledge, 2000.